부산지역 학령전 아동의 식생활평가 : 식품군 식품섭취 상태평가 Assessment Based on Food Group Intake

임화재 대한지역사회영양학회 2001 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.6 No.1

To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six food group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p < 0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p < 0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the at group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and MAR(tnean adequacy ratio) increased significantly NARs of protein iron, vitamin B₁niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B₂ had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intakes of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 in the vegetable group or above 1 and 1 in the fruit group or above 2 and 2 in the dairy group or above 2 and 2 in the sweets group met above 0.75 of NARs for nutrients that had significant correlations with each six food group intakes. The results of this study provide information that is important for nutrition education for daily food choice and in designing appropriate food guide for preschool children.

아연의 영양상태와 임신 결과

임화재 동의대학교 생활과학연구소 1997 生活科學論集 Vol.1 No.-

일부 연구들은 아연 영양상태와 임신결과간의 연관성을 주장하나 연관성의 본질은 아직 명확하게 밝혀지지 않은 상태이다. 부적절한 모체 식이섭취로 인한 일차적인 결핍은 하나의 가능성이며 적절하게 자료가 제시되지는 않은 상태이다. 식이아연과 혈중 아연치 수준은 불량한 생산능력과 관련된 다른 위험 인자들의 지표로서 도움이 될지도 모른다. 손상된 또는 비효율적인 아연 이용과 관련된 불량한 임신결과는 유전적, 환경적 요인 모두들 갖고 있을 수 있다. 비록 장성발단피부염이 비정상적 아연이용과 관련된 불량한 생식능력에 대한 극적인 예를 제공하지만, 손상된 아연 이용에 대한 유전적 근거는 밝혀지지 않은 생태이다. 아연이용은 외인적 요인들에 의해서도 영향을 받는다. 예를 들어 많은 식이 인자들, 알콜 남용, 그리고 모체의 흡연등이 아연이용을 변화시킬수 잇다. 부적절한 식이섭취가 불량한 임신결과와 관련된 유일한 관련인자로서 확인되면 보충의 형태로 빠른 치유책을 제공 할 수 있다. 그러나 관련성이 다른곳에 존재한다면 보충은 임신결과를 향상시키지 않을 수 있다. 성공적인 임상시험연구전략은 아연영양상태와 임신결과간의 관련성의 본질을 이해하는데 기초를 두어야만 한다. 아연보충이 임신결과에 미치는 영향은 미결문제로 남아있다. 영양을 단지 임신결과와 관련된 많은 인자들 중의 하나이며, 아연은 단지 보충 프로그램의 결과들을 평가하는데 있어서 고려되어야 할 많은 가능한 영양인자들 중의 하나이다. 보충군과 대군간의 차이를 확인하기 위한 적절한 통계적 기법을 이용한 이중눈가림법의 무작위 임상시험이 시행되지 않고 있다. 대규모 임상시험이 실시되기전에 위험집단을 확인하기 위해 아연 영양상태를 나타내고 아연치료에 반응하는 신뢰성 있는 지표가 필요한 상태이다. Total zine needs during the last half of human pregnancy may be 2.6 mg absorbed Zn/d. Adaptations in Zn utilization during pregnancy may help meet those needs. Possible adaptations include an increase in Zn absorption, reduced endogeneous Zn loss, redistribution of tissue Zn, and an efficient maternal-fetal Zn transfer. A decline in circulating Zn concentration begins early in pregnancy and continues to term. The effect of gestational stage on circulating Zn should be incorporated into standards for serum Zn of pregnant women. Low maternal serum Zn levels have been associated with pregnancy-induced hypertention, abnormal parturition, and congenital anomalies. In studies done to date. Zn supplementation of 15-45 mg/d failed to improve pregnancy outcome except for possible reduction in the incidence of a dysfuctional labor pattern. The relationship between Zn status and pregnancy outcome remains an open question.

부산지역 학령전 아동의 식이섬유 섭취실태조사

임화재,김정인 대한지역사회영양학회 2000 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.5 No.4

부산지역 학령전 아동의 건강 및 식생활상태에 관한 연구

임화재 東義大學校 生活科學硏究所 1999 生活科學論集 Vol.3 No.-

This study was conducted to investigate health and diet status of 176 preschool children in Pusan. For birth weight, 61.4% of subjects was 3.1-4kg. 56.3% slept over 10hours. Only 9.7% exercised regularly. 38.6% and 38.1% had been ill and had diarrhea 2-3times for last year respectively. 54.0% had been fed by mixed nourishment with mother's milk and cow's milk and only 16.5% by mother's milk. 50.6% were weaned at the age of 6-11 months. 44.3% choosed bread, cereal and milk as substitute for a rice. Subjects ate snack frequently in order of milk, fruit, bread, yoghurt, biscuit, Ra myun, egg, fruit juice, ice cream, canndy and dislike snack in order of salad, squid, rice bread seasoned Ko Chu Jang, hamburger, baked potato, baked sweet potato, cooked rice with laver, canndy, pizza, pop corn, sandwitch, 32.4% and 32.4% ate instant food and had eating out once per month respectively. Subjects like food in order of Korean food, fast food, Japanese food, western food, Chinese food. The mean values of WHI(weight for height index) were 15.42-18.69 in age of 1-6. The mean values of obesity rate by standard weight were 5.98-12.45 in age of 1-6. By obesity rate by standard weight, 1 year old group was overweight. By obesity rate by standard weight, 33.33-42.86% were overweight and obese in age of 1-6. 41.58% of boys and 28% of girls were overweight and obese. There were significant differences in energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous intakes among obesity groups by standard weight. The mean intakes of Ca, Fe, Vitamin A and niacin were below Recommended Dietary Allowance(RDA) for koreans for normal, overweight and obese group.

한국인 상용식품 중의 리보플라빈 함량 추정에 관한 문제점

임화재,윤진숙 한국영양학회 1988 `88 학술대회 초록집 Vol.- No.-

노인의 활동량이 체형 및 영양필요량에 미치는 영향 3 : 활동량에 따른 영양상태를 중심으로

임화재,윤진숙 啓明大學校 生活科學硏究所 1990 科學論集 Vol.16 No.-

일반 학술발표 초록 : 농촌여성에 있어서 계절별 리보플라빈의 생화학적 영양상태에 미치는 요인

임화재,윤진숙 한국영양학회 1992 춘계심포지움 및 발표논문 초록 Vol.1992 No.-

일부 성인직장여성들의 식습관 및 계절별 영양소섭취상태 조사

임화재 대한지역사회영양학회 2005 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.10 No.4

To assess the food habits and the seasonal differnces of nutrient intakes and diet qualites of adult working women aged 30 - 49y in Busan, dietary survey was conducted in summer and in winter by a questionnaire and two-day food record. Anthropometric asessment was also investigated in two seasons. 91.8% of those skipped breakfast in the main. suplied by carbohydrates, 14.7% by protein, 22.3% by fat in sumer and 1598.4 kcal with 62.1% of energy intake being suplied by carbohydrates, 15.6% by protein, 22.1% by fat in winter. Over 70% of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. The mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin A in sumer and energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter were below Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Koreans. As well as insufficiency in iron, the bioavailability of iron is considered to have been low because most of iron intake came from 2 in winter, proportions of subjects with intake levels les than 75% of RDA were over 40% in sumer and over 50% in winter, respectively. The nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) were below 0.75 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter. NARs of iron (p < 0.05), vitamin A (p < 0.01) and vitamin B2 (p < 0.001) in winter (MAR), an index of overal dietary quality were 0.85 in summer and 0.80 in winter. The MAR in winter was significantly lower than that in summer (p < 0.05). The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were below 1 for calcium and iron in sumer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter. The intake (p < 0.05) and NAR (p < 0.05) of vitamin B2 showed positive significant correla-betwen the summer and the winter. So nutritional education programs for summer and winter are needed for adult working women. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(4) : 501 ~ 512, 2005)

부산지역 학령전 아동의 식이섬유섭취 상태평가

임화재,김정인 대한지역사회영양학회 2002 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.7 No.2

To assess the dietary fiber intake of preschool children in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between of the intake of dietary fiber and nutrient intake. Nutrient intake using 24 hour recall, and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake based on tables of TDF of common Korean floods developed by the modified Prosky Method, were estimated for 176 preschool children. The mean daily intakes of TDF, and TDF after adjusting energy intake, were 10.20 g and 7.69 g/1,000 kcal, respectively. The mean daily intakes of TDF for children aged 1-3 and 4-6 years were 9.20 g and 11.08 g, respectively. The range of TDF intake was 1.86 to 22.16 g. The major sources of TDF were cereals (31.0%), vegetables (18.9%) and fruits (11.9%). The TDF intake showed positive correlations with nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) of iron and Vitamin $B_1$, (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The TDF intake per 1,000 kcal showed negative correlations with the NARs of protein, calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, and niacin (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR, p < 0.001). When children were stratified into quartiles ($Q_1-Q_4$) on the basis of their fiber intake per 1,000 kcal, their NARs for calcium, phosphate, iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1, Vitamin $B_2$ and niacin (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and their MAR (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in the children with higher fiber intake per 1,000 kcal (the upper quartile). The NARs fur calcium (0.63), iron (0.60), Vitamin A (0.66), Vitamin $B_2$(0.74), niacin (0.64), Vitamin C (0.65) and the MAR (0.74) were lower than 0.75 in the children with fiber intakes of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local (0,), the highest fiber intake per 1,000 kcal. Based on these results, the mean TDF intake of children was higher than the age (yr)+5g , the minimum recommended level for American children. Meals with a fiber intake of more than 9.25 g per 1,000 local ($Q_4$) could cause a decreased nutritional status for minerals and vitamins. The result of this study could contribute to the establishment of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for dietary fiber for Korean Preschool children.

폐경전 성인직장여성의 혈청 25-hydroxyvitamin D 상태 및 관련인자에 관한 연구

임화재 대한지역사회영양학회 2005 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.10 No.1

This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to 62.5% of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(1): 79 ~ 90, 2005)