몽오 김종수의 정조 묘정 배향과 출향, 복향의 의미

임혜련 한국역사연구회 2023 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.130

Examined in this article is a person named Kim Jong-su, who was named as a meritorious vassal for King Jeongjo(正祖, 1776-1800) and also enshrined in Joseon’s Dynastic shrine, the Jongmyo(宗廟). Quite noticeably, Kim Jong-su was the only case in Joseon history whose tablet was enshrined(Bae’hyang, 配享), then dismissed from the Shrine(Chul’hyang, 黜享) only to be re-enshrined (Bog’hyang, 復享) later. How all these incidents occurred, and what were the reasons behind them, are examined in this article. There was a Gongshin-dang(功臣堂) chamber inside the Jongmyo shrine, where posthumous tablets of meritorious vassals (with their names written on them) who performed admirably and contributed significantly to the governance of a king would be enshrined. Who should be enshrined in such a glorious fashion were decided right before the king that vassal had served was to be enshrined in Jongmyo(Bu’myo, 祔廟), after a Hwegweon round of deliberation. It was a political process, and reasons for selecting a specific individual were documented in the ‘Bae’hyang Gongshin Gyoseo(配享功臣敎書, Royal order to enshrine a meritorious vassal). Kim Jong–su was selected as a Bae’hyang Gongshin for King Jeongjo, and was enshrined as such in 1802. He was chosen because of many reasons: First, he had a long-standing relationship with Jeongjo since the king’s Crown-prince days. Secondly, he compiled a book named Myeong’ui-rok(明義錄) and lived righteously all his life. And thirdly, at the time the Byeokpa(僻派) faction happened to be in control of the government. However, after the Byeong’in(丙寅)-year purge, during which members of the Byeokpa faction were expelled from the government, and also due to implications of the criminal case of Yi Gyeong-shin, Kim Jong-su’s tablet was decided to be taken out of the Jongmyo shrine in 1807. The reason for the dismissal of Kim’s tablet was that Kim Jong-su was the leader of the Byeokpa faction which had earlier contributed to the death of the late Crown prince Sado(father of King Jeongjo no less), and also because he was named as the indivdiual who had been pulling strings from behind of Kim Gwi-ju and Kim Han-rok, who had once denounced Jeongjo’s legitimate claim to the throne With the Shipa(時派) faction newly in power, his tablet was finally removed, while his titles were stripped as well. Then, after King Gojong was enthroned, royal family members and the Byeokpa members who were on the criminal list received amnesty in 1864, and Kim Jong-su was amongst those who were pardoned. His title was reinstated, with his tablet again enshrined in Jongmyo as King Jeongjo’s Bae’hyang Gongshin. This was a result of a political decision made by Dowager Queen Shinjeong and Heungseon Dae’weon-gun, who was the father of Gojong.

19세기 垂簾聽政의 특징 - 제도적 측면을 중심으로 -

임혜련 조선시대사학회 2009 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.48 No.-

Sooryeomcheongjeong(垂簾聽政) in 19C was operated legally and officially based on the 'Sooryeomcheongjeong Jeolmok (Rules of regency behind the veil, 垂簾聽政節目). To summarize the examined characteristics of Sooryeomchongjeong in 19C above, they are as the following First, dual system of Sooryeom(垂簾) was operated with regular and irregular installation and Chadae(次對) where regular sooryeom was installed was the major scene of Sooryeomcheongjeong. Second, duties of the King and the Daewangdaebi were clearly divided and the role of the king, therefore, was clearly defined. Handling the Sangso (appeals to the Royal Court) and attending to the Kyeongyeon (royal education) were the priority or sole duties of the king in 19C. In personnel matters also, there was clear distinction of the role played by each. Third, the characteristics and trends in the handling of state duties was different for each age of the king depending on the political situation at the time or an enthronement process of the King and the background and disposition of Daewangdaebi concerned. Fourth, the important procedural Cheolryeom(撤簾) was institutionalized. Generally, Cheolryeom(撤簾) ended when the king reached the age of 15 and was usually ordered in the latter part of the previous year and involvement of Daewang Daebi in political matters no longer existed after Cheolryeom(撤簾). This is for Daewangdaebi were unselfish to an authority and this system has a historical significance that it was an important and effective system of maintaining the regality-orientated bureaucracy by allowing the state matters to be handled by the regency who aided the king in emergency situation when the enthroned king was not old enough to conduct his duty by himself. Suryeomcheongjeong protected a young king, and were the important devices which kept a system of Chosun dynasty, because of when an enthronement of the king who was young is able to have been kept a bureaucrat around kings by allowing the state matters to government structure. 19세기의 垂簾聽政은 제도적으로 정비된 ‘垂簾聽政節目’에 근거하여 합법적이고 公的으로 운영되었다. 19세기 수렴청정의 특징을 정리해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수렴 설치의 이원화이다. 즉 수렴은 정기적으로는 차대에서, 비정기적으로는 신료들을 만나는 소견에서 설치하였다. 정기적ㆍ비정기적으로 수렴이 설치된 것은 대비의 정국 참여가 일정한 규칙과 원칙에 따라 이루어 진 것을 의미한다. 둘째, 왕과 대비의 업무 처리가 분담되었다. 왕과 대비는 차대에서 정국 업무를 처리할 때 분담하여 하교하였고, 인사권을 행사할 때에도 분담하여 처리하였다. 왕은 신료들의 천망에 낙점하였고, 대비는 특지나 중비를 통해 관료들의 인사를 단행하였다. 또한 국왕은 비록 나이가 어리지만 왕조국가의 수장이었던 만큼 상소의 처리와 경연에서 대왕대비와 함께 하지 않고 독자적으로 활동할 수 있도록 규정하였다. 이를 통해 왕은 국정을 파악하고, 신료들과 소통하는 방법을 익혀 갈 수 있었다. 셋째, 정국 운영방식이 시기별로 차이를 지닌다. 이것은 대왕대비의 성향과 정치적 배경, 국왕의 즉위 시 상황과 정통성의 차이로 인한 것이다. 넷째, 撤簾이 제도화 되었다. 19세기의 철렴은 대체로 왕의 나이가 15세가 되면 시행되었고, 철렴 이후에는 대왕대비의 정치참여가 없었다. 이러한 특징은 수렴청정이 어린 왕을 보호하고 정치적 역량을 강화시켜주는 본연의 기능을 제대로 시행하고 있었음을 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 19세기 수렴청정의 특징을 통해 유교국가 조선에서 여성인 대비에게 정치에 참여할 수 있는 제도적 장치를 마련한 이유를 알 수 있다. 수렴청정은 왕조국가에서 어린 왕, 혹은 왕이 될 준비를 하지 못한 왕이 즉위하였을 때 발생 할 수 있는 체제의 불안 혹은 붕괴의 위협을 막기 위한 노력의 결과이다. 19세기의 수렴청정은 정치제도로서 규정에 맞게 시행되었다는 측면에서 그 효용성과 중요성을 인식할 수 있다.

영조~순조대 惠慶宮의 위상 변화

임혜련 조선시대사학회 2015 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.74 No.-

Hyegyonggung Hong is King Jeongjo’s mother, the 22nd King of the Joseon Dynasty, and also Princess Sado’s wife. The purpose of this study is to pursue the changes of Hyegyonggung Hong’s status at the heart of dynamic political changes from the time of King Yeongjo’s reign to King Sunjo’s one. Through a marriage with Princess Sado, Hyegyonggung was proclaimed to the Crown Princess, and she fully performed her role as a Crown Princess. There was an elder sister-in-law, Hyunbin Cho, a wife of Prince Hyojang, who was already passed away. In spite of her hierarchical order according to her husband’s side, Hyegyonggung was higher in rank than Hyunbin Cho as her husband, a Prince Sado, was expected to be installed to a king at the time. However, due to ‘Imo Incident’ in King Yeongjo’s 38th year of ruling, Princess Sado passed away. Therefore, Hyegyonggung was once expelled from the position of Crown Princess and later she was recovered as a ‘Hyebin’, which was, however, lower than Hyunbin in political hierarchy. As she had a son who had a possibility of becoming a king, she expected to be the Queen Mother. Unexpectedly, King Yeongjo adopted her son, a Princess Hyojang and she lost her son. Hyegyonggung’s son became a king, King Jeongjo. Even though King Jeongjo succeeded Princess Hyojang according to royal system, he proclaimed himself as a son of Princess Sado and Hyegyonggung. He also chose and addressed his mother as ‘Hyegyonggung’ in stead of ‘Hyebin’ and became to create and develop systems to meet his mother’s position, as a mother of a king, in a royal court system including 4 times of upgrading honorific names and titles to call his mother. As a result of King Jeongjo’s these efforts, the courtiers respected her as a mother of a king and her status became to be elevated in the reign of King Jeongjo. However, after King Sunjo’s accession, Hyegyonggung’s status was dropped as regency by Queen Jeongsun, whose family was on poor terms with Hyegyonggung’s one, was chosen. To make matters worse, Hyegyonggung’s brother, Nagim Hong, was killed after being applied guilt, which lowered her status even more. She received a bow later than her daughter-in-law, Queen Hyoui as her husband passed away without being able to be installed as a king even though she was Queen Hyoui’s mother-in-law. Her grandson, King Sunjo, was tried to recover Hyegyonggung’s family after Queen Jeongsun’s death; however, Hyegyonggung’s status was not allowed to be higher than the Crown Princess. 조선 22대 정조의 어머니이며, 영조의 아들 사도세자의 빈이었던 惠慶宮 홍씨는 영조~순조대 정치적 상황 속에서 그 지위와 위상 변화가 있었다. 영조대 혜경궁은 사도세자와 가례를 치르고 세자빈이 되었다. 세자빈에게는 세자를 내조하고, 왕실 어른들을 잘 모시고, 왕실을 화평하게 하며, 후사를 낳아 왕위를 계승할 수 있도록 하는 임무가 주어졌다. 혜경궁은 구성원이 다양하였던 왕실을 편안하게 했으며, 의소세손이 비록 사망하였지만 정조를 출산하여 왕위를 계승하도록 하였다. 영조대 혜경궁은 앞서 사망한 효장세자의 빈 현빈 보다 높은 위치에 있었다. 이는 사도세자가 차기 왕위계승자였기 때문에 그와 짝하여 손위 동서 현빈보다 높은 위상을 가질 수 있었던 것이다. 그러나 영조 38년 ‘임오화변’으로 사도세자가 폐세자가 되자 혜경궁도 폐세자빈이 되었고, 세자가 훙서 후 세자의 지위를 회복하자 ‘惠嬪’의 호를 받았다. 그러나 그 위상은 현빈과 같이 사망한 세자의 빈이었을 뿐이다. 혜경궁은 아들 정조를 보존하면서, 그가 즉위한 후 사도세자가 왕으로 추숭되면 왕대비의 지위에 오를 수 있는 희망을 가졌었다. 그러나 영조는 정조를 효장세자의 아들로 하여 종통을 계승하게 하는 ‘갑신처분’을 단행하였다. 이로 인해 혜경궁은 종통상 정조와 숙질간이 되어 그 관계가 희석되었다. 정조가 즉위한 후 사친 혜경궁에 대한 존숭이 이어졌다. ‘혜빈’의 칭호 대신 ‘혜경궁’이라 명호를 정하였고, 이에 맞는 여러 격식을 갖추어서 어머니의 위상을 높여주었다. 특히 정조는 4차례의 존호 가상을 통해 혜경궁의 위상을 강화하였고, 신하들의 충성을 이끌어내었다. 정조 19년 사도세자와 혜경궁의 회갑을 기념하여 혜경궁을 모시고 화성에 행차하여 현륭원을 참배하고 봉수당에서 회갑연을 개최하였다. 이렇게 위상이 강화된 혜경궁은 어머니로서 정조의 건강을 걱정하는 언문 교서를 하교하였고, 신하들 역시 정조의 건강이 염려될 때 정청을 하여 혜경궁의 도움을 청하였다. 당대에는 이러한 혜경궁을 왕대비와 같다고 인식하였다. 그러나 순조가 11세에 즉위하고 정순왕후가 수렴청정을 하면서 정국이 급변하게 되자 혜경궁의 친정 풍산 홍문은 다시 공격의 대상이 되어 동생 홍낙임이 사사당하였다. 혜경궁은 왕실 내명부의 위차에서 며느리인 왕대비 효의왕후보다 뒤에 있게 되었다. 이후 친정을 하게 된 순조는 아버지의 외가를 회복하기 위해 노력하였다. 그러나 혜경궁에 대한 정조대와 같은 존숭은 이루어지지 못하였다. 이는 결국 혜경궁이 존숭을 통해 위상은 높아졌으나, 세자빈이라는 지위가 변하지 못한 한계로 인한 것이었다.

19세기 神貞王后 趙氏의 생애와 垂簾聽政

임혜련 (사)한국인물사연구회 2008 한국인물사연구 Vol.10 No.-

神貞王后 趙氏는 豊壤 趙氏 趙萬永의 딸로 순조의 세자였던 孝明世子의 부인이며, 憲宗의 어머니였다. 그녀는 대리청정 중이던 효명세자가 승하하여 왕비가 되지는 못하였다. 그러나 아들 헌종이 왕이 되자 왕대비가 되었고, 철종대 대왕대비였던 純元王后가 죽자 대왕대비가 되었다. 그리고 철종이 후사왕을 정하지 못하고 사망하자 신정왕후는 고종을 즉위하도록 하고 4년간 垂簾聽政을 하였다. 신정왕후의 풍양 조씨는 19세기에 安東 金氏와 함께 정국을 주도하였던 외척가문이었다. 勢道政治는 국왕이 외척에게 다음 왕을 부탁하는 임무를 부여한 것을 의미한다. 이때의 외척 가문은 정국을 주도할 수 있었다. 正祖는 순조를 金祖淳에게 부탁하면서 세도정치를 열었다. 순조도 역시 헌종을 신정왕후의 숙부인 趙寅永에게 부탁하였다. 이로 인해 풍양 조씨는 가세가 번성하였다. 그렇지만 철종대 풍양 조씨와 안동 김씨의 대립이 심화되었으며, 그 가운데 풍양 조씨는 세력이 약화되었다. 수렴청정을 하였던 신정왕후는 고종을 자신과 남편인 효명세자의 아들로 입후하여 즉위하도록 하였다. 그리고 매우 적극적으로 수렴청정을 하기 위해 노력하였다. 이것은 고종을 즉위시킨 그녀의 책임감과 안동 김씨 출신의 哲仁王后가 있었기 때문에 수렴청정을 하기 위해 적극적이었던 것이다. 신정왕후는 수렴청정기에 次對와 召見을 통해 정국을 운영하였다. 신정왕후는 차대에서 주도적으로 하교를 내려 정치에 참여하였다. 소견에서는 지방관이나 사신 이외에도 기존의 관료들과 국정을 운영하였다. 이를 통해 공적으로 정치에 참여하였으며, 주도적으로 정치를 이끌어 갔다. 신정왕후가 강조하였던 정책은 왕실의 권위를 강화하고 사회적 폐단을 개선하기 위한 것이었다. 왕실의 권위를 강화하려는 신정왕후의 의지는 景福宮을 중건하고, 조선의 건국을 강조하였다. 한편 사회적 폐단이었던 과거의 폐단을 개선하고 탐관오리의 비리를 근절하였으며, 엄격한 법 적용을 강조하였다. 이것은 국가의 기강을 확립하려는 것이었다. 신정왕후의 정책의 많은 부분은 효명세자가 대리청정을 할 때 추진하였던 것을 계승한 것이다.

朝鮮 肅宗妃 仁元王后의 嘉禮와 정치적 역할

임혜련 (사)한국인물사연구회 2010 한국인물사연구 Vol.13 No.-

Inwonwanghu(仁元王后) who was the third queen of Sukjong was born in Sookjong 13years as a daughter of Kim Joo Sin(金柱臣) which was kim family of Kyungju. In Sukjong 27 years, Inhyunwanghu(仁顯王后) died which was second queen of Sookjong, and continuously it was happened Janghibin(張嬉嬪) was died a death that she was cursed queen. Inwonwanghu (仁元王后) got married with Sookjong by age of 15 years old at next year and became queen. Inwonwanghu was selected as a queen and time that got married was such confused time. Geumhonyeong(禁婚令) for Sookjong's queen selection was pronounced and accepted Gantaekdanja(揀擇單子) for 8months after a month that funeral services of Inhyeonwanghu ended. But, number of maidens to participate to Gantaek(揀擇) was few. Because it was marriage that should do in political change period that continued to confusion was time of Sookjong, there were Noblemen that disliked this. Also, Sookjong's queen selection was not smooth by problem of maiden relatives and problem of time that mourning for three years(三年喪) of Inhyunwanghu was not taken. Inwonwanghu did not participate on time in the first selection by disease, but Inwonwanghu took part in the first selection by additional arrangement and got married because was selected as Sookjong's queen. It was a little unexpected decision that Inwonwanghu was selected as a queen. Inwonwanghu's family compared with Sookjong's other two queens' family was badly off. Also, Kim Joo Sin of her father was belonged to Soron(少論). Before queen‘s family was Seoin(西人) all, and after relatives of Inkyungwanghu (仁敬王后) and Inhyunwanghu(仁顯王后) became this Noron(老論) since all. Reason that Sookjong selected Inwonwanghu as a queen was involved with circumstance of political situation at that time. When Janghibin was died, Sejabohoron(世子保護論) that must protect prince that was her son was insisted among Sorons(少論). And, Sookjong promoted Tangpyung(蕩平) politics reinforcing royal authority since Gapsulhwanguk(甲戌換局) Sookjong 20 years. It can make a problom that relatives on the mother's side is strong when strengthen royal authority. Therefore, Sookjong got married with a daughter of Kim Joo Sin that family was ordinary belonged Soron. Kim Joo Sin that was king's father-in-law was prudent and did not covet power, it was no abuse by relatives on the mother's side. On the other hand, there was sight that he switched over by Noron, but still had entrance of Soron from though. Only, as king's father-in-law, acted according to position. When Kyungjong acceded to the throne, Inwonwanghu became the grandmother of the king(王大妃). At Kyungjong times, it confused that Noron and Soron were opposed in earnest. Inwonwanghu ordered decision as document the installation of the crown prince that Noron insists and decided future affair of Kyungjong. But, this time, Soron opposed as the installation of the crown prince is insisted by Noron that Kyungjong was young age. And Noron asserted crown prince's Daeicheongjeong(代理聽政) but was not materialized. This time, Sinchukhwanguk(辛丑換局) happened attacking Noron that is not loyal about Kyungjong in Soron. In the second year of Kyungjong, Mokhoyong informed Noron's family descendant tried to kill Kyungjong and Noron 4 ministers was died and Iminoksa(壬寅獄事) which Noron is evicted in politics happened. When Norons that support crown prince by Sinimoksa(辛壬獄事) are removed, crown prince was anxious. This time, there was conspired Park Sang Geom, eunuch, inflicts danger and injury to crown prince. And also Indicated that Inwonwanghu eunuches and consulting together court ladies(宮女) by message in this time and decided these as was strict. But, court ladies and eunuches died with do not clear the behind and had more suspicion. Inwonwanghu gave the message about the installation of the crown prince along Noron's insistence in Kyungjong period that was confused in this way, and helped crown prince who life was dangerous. But, did not give any messages in the Sinimoksa that Norons suffered damage. Perhaps, Inwonwanghu seemed to think that woman should not take part in politics. Because Choseon Period's queen have criticized if take part in politics as long as do not regency by the queen mother from behind the veil(垂簾聽政). Only, preservation and care of royal family were most share of queen that is older person. Action that Inwonwanghu showed in Kyungjong age strengthened the country because decided succession of Kyungjong receiving meaning of Sookjong, and saved when the crown prince was threatened. Did not grant the which one way about Noron and Soron that held political strife about this. Such her political situation is shown her was Soron family origin and that was influenced in conducted thing which father Kim Joo Sin(金柱臣) was correct to position as king's father-in-law.

조선 중기 沈守慶의 관료 활동과 평가

임혜련 (사)한국인물사연구회 2014 한국인물사연구 Vol.21 No.-

Sim Su-Gyeong is from Hungu(勳舊: Meritorious Subjects) family whose ancestors were vassals of merit. His grandfather Sim Jung(沈貞) started the Gimyo Sahwa(己卯士禍: Literati purge) and later died from drinking poison ordered by the King. The older brother of his father also died from the interrogation and his father was killed by Yeojin tribe. The family of Sim Su-Gyeong collapsed like that. Sim Su-Gyeong has actually passed the state examination as the first place. However, the government at that time, which was dominated by the Sarim(士林) scholars, didn't like Sim Su-Gyeong because his grandfather killed many people. During the reign of King Myeongjong, Sim Su-Gyeong worked as an official who emphasized academic intelligence and living under the principles. He was appointed several times on significant positions, becoming an dangsanggwan(堂上官) official. During the reign of King Seonjo, he became one of the jaesang(宰相: councilor), uuijeong(右議政: supreme councillor). Even during the confrontation among the bungdang(朋黨: political factionalism) in the reign of King Seonjo, he continued his work as an official maintaining his political principles. In time of Imjin War(Japanese invasion), he participated in the battle as a general of the army raised in the cause of justice. He was 77 years old then. Looking at the activity of Sim Su-Gyeong, the bureaucracy of Joseon dynasty can be understood. His diverse experiences as an official inform us of the process of a person being hired and being promoted, while fulfilling his duty as an official. At the same time, he shows us the significance of having one's own political principles during the time of changes. Eventually, Sim Su-Gyeong overcame the wrongdoing of his grandfather Sim Jeong through showing activities of an exemplary official. Such evaluation of Sim Su-Gyeong was actually given by the Sarim who are the victims of Sim Jeong's deeds.

철종대 순원왕후 존호의례의 거행과 의미

임혜련 한국여성사학회 2022 여성과 역사 Vol.- No.36

본고에서는 철종대 순원왕후에게 시행된 존호의례를 중심으로 선왕과대비에 대한 가상존호와 추상존호 의례를 검토하였다. 철종대 자주 시행된순원왕후에 대한 존숭은 철종을 즉위하도록 하고 정통성 확보를 위해 노력하였던 순원왕후에 대한 보은의 의미를 갖고 있었으며, 그간 정비된 존호의례가 반영된 것이었다. 왕과 왕비, 대비 등 왕실 구성원의 공덕을 칭송하는 존숭의례로 가장 대표적인 것은 존호를 올리는 상존호와 추상존호를 들 수 있다. 순조의 왕비로 헌종과 철종 2대에 걸쳐 수렴청정을 하였던 순원왕후에게는 11회에 걸쳐존호가 올려졌다. 철종 2년에서 4년 사이에 시행된 순원왕후에 대한 가상존호의례는 첫째, 상례적으로 선왕의 부묘 후 치러지는 의례이지만, 이보다먼저 순원왕후에 대한 칭경이 이루어졌다는 것, 둘째, 치사·전문·표리를 국왕이 친히 올리는 친상으로 거행되었던 것, 셋째, 왕비가 친히 치사와 표리를 올렸다는 특징을 가지고 있었다. 순원왕후가 훙서한 철종 8년 이후 해를 거듭하며 비슷한 명분으로 존호추상이 이어졌으며, 순조의 묘호 개상 이후 철종이 주도적으로 발의하여 추상 존호를 시행하였다. 그리고 상례 중, 부묘 전 존호 추상을 시행하며 추상존호의 공간과 의식의 구성에 변화를 가져왔다. 순원왕후에 대한 존호 추상은 선례와 비교하였을 때 횟수나 빈도가 증가한 것이었고, 철종 재위 기간에 집중되었다는 특징을 가지고 있었다. 철종대 순원왕후에 대한 존호의례는 보은과 효의 의미를 담고 있으면서도 순조의 아들로 대통을 이은 것이라는 명분을 확인하며 스스로 정통성을강화하려는 철종의 의지가 반영된 것이었다. 여기에 안동 김문등 외척과당대 집권층은 그들의 집권 기반이었던 순원왕후의 부재에도 정치기반을 공고히 할 필요가 있었다. 그러므로 순원왕후에 대한 존호의례는 철종과 안동 김문 등 집권층의 협치로 가능한 것이었다. 또한 국조속오례의등전례서에 편제된 존호의례 의식들이 그 이후 변화된 양상을 살펴보기에 좋은 사례가 될 수 있었다. 순원왕후의 존호의례는 상존호와 추상존호 의식이대체로 완비되었던 시기에 시행되었던 만큼 의례적인 면에서 존호의례를파악할 수 있는 중요한 선례가 되었다.

Byron의 역할과 그의 의식의 변화과정 : Light in August

임혜련 숙명여자대학교 대학원원우회 1990 원우논총 Vol.8 No.-

Faulkner has often been considered to be merely the melancholy singer of the fall or the South of the pessimistic recorder of the modern wasteland world. That is always not the case. The main thrust of his novel Light in August is optimistic and hopeful. If this novel has only the stories of Christmas and Hightower, it can be tragic. But there is the story of Byron Bunch in it who is regarded as a comic hero. This paper has concern for Byron. Byron is a man of good will who tries to redress the excessive imbalance between the forces of ill will and the victims of the ill will. He is the only person in touch with all the characters and the physical coordination of the characters is effected by Byron. He is portrayed to have a tone of humorous absurdity. In short, Faulkner expresses his optimistic attitude toward life through Byron. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine the role of Byron in the relationships with the others, especially with Gail Hightower who was a minister and lived a isolated life from the world but is drawn back into the world by Byron, and the development of Byron's perception.

Eliot의 詩劇論

임혜련 숙명여자대학교 어문학연구소 1986 어문학 Vol.2 No.-

이상에서 살펴본 바와 같이, 극작가로서의 Eliot의 발전 뒤에 숨어 있는 힘은 종교와 예술에 있어서의 “order"의 추구이다. 모든 문학 형태 중 에서도 극히 완전하고도 질서 있는 세계를 재창조할 능력이 크고, 또 가장 많은 대중에 전달될 수 있는 수단이라고 믿으면서 Eliot은 극의 구조를 발전시켰는데, 그것은 자연세계 안에 초자연의 질서가 있다는 것을 보여 줌으로써 관중들도 그러한 자각으로 이끌게 된다.

미리 보는 <한겨레 고전 인물 평전 100> : 왕비의 삶, 화려하기보다 치열했다_정순왕후와 수렴청정

임혜련 부산대학교 점필재연구소 2010 연보와 평전 Vol.5 No.-