계속 감사기간과 감사품질에 관한 연구

임영덕 ( Young Deok Lim ) 한국회계학회 2006 會計學硏究 Vol.31 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 계속 감사기간과 감사품질의 관계에 대해서 규제기관적 관점(auditor entrenchment hypothesis)과 감사인의 관점(auditor expertise hypothesis)에 따른 대립적인 가설로 분석하고, 의무적인 감사인 교체 정책(mandatory auditor rotation policy)의 유효성에 대해서 평가하는데 있다. 감사품질은 산업별 횡단면 수정 Jones 모형과 성과조정 수정 Jones모형에 의해서 재량적 발생액으로 측정하였다. 계속 감사기간과 감사품질의 관계는 단일변량분석, OLS분석, 재량적 발생액과 계속 감사기간의 내생성을 통제한 2SLS(two-stage least squares) 분석과 piecewise linear regression을 통한 비선형 분석을 통해서 검증하였다. 거래소 상장법인에 대해서 분석한 결과, 계속 감사기간과 재량적 발생액이 유의한 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것을 발견하였다. 계속 감사기간이 길어지면 감사품질이 향상되는 것으로 해석할 수 있으며, 감사인의 관점(auditor expertise hypothesis)을 지지하는 결과이다. 이러한 관계는 재량적 발생액과 계속 감사기간이 가지는 내생성을 통제한 2SLS분석 결과로도 지지되며, 감사인 지정기업을 통제한 분석, 감사품질을 재량적 발생액의 절대값으로 측정한 경우, 연도별 분석과 표본을 달리한 분석에서도 발견되었다. Piecewise linear regression으로 계속 감사기간에 대한 비선형성 분석을 한 결과 계속 감사기간이 6년 이하일 때와 2년에서 8년 사이일 때 감사품질과 유의한 양의 관계를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. 계속 감사기간과 감사품질간에 비선형성이 존재하면 감사인의 관점에서도 의무적인 감사인 교체 정책이 지지될 수 있다는 정책적 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between auditor tenure and audit quality and to estimate the effect of mandatory auditor rotation policy. The debate on the mandatory auditor rotation policy is related to the research on the auditor tenure and the audit quality. Despite the importance and relevance of the topic, academic studies have only recently started examining the effect of the duration of auditor-client relationships on the quality of financial reporting. In the US, there is research consistent with both auditor entrenchment and auditor expertise hypotheses. However, recently major research is consistent with only the auditor expertise hypothesis. The auditor entrenchment hypothesis suggests that audit quality is decreases in a long auditor tenure. The auditor`s complacency and economic dependence impairs its independence. In this argument, a mandatory auditor rotation policy is a major vehicle to enhance auditor independence and audit quality. On the other hand, the auditor expertise hypothesis argues that audit quality improves the longer the audit tenure because the auditors are unfamiliar with the client`s business, operations, systems, controls, and accounting policies in their early years of tenure. As there is the information asymmetry between audit firms and auditors in the early stage audit engagement, sufficient time is necessary for the auditors to obtain knowledge and experience of audit firms for good audit quality. Therefore, the auditor expertise hypothesis opposes mandatory auditor rotation policy based on the information asymmetry argument. Since these two hypotheses have conflicting views on auditor tenure and audit quality, this issue needs empirical testing. As audit quality increases, the auditor is willing to detect and correct aggressive and questionable financial statement treatment. Earnings management by managers, therefore, will decrease, so audit quality has a negative relation with discretionary accruals. The audit quality is measured by the magnitude of discretionary accruals based on thew cross-sectional modified Jones model and the performance-matched modified Jones model. Univariate results(Table 4: Univariate analysis) and multivariate ones(Table 6: Regressions of discretionary accruals on auditor tenure and control variables) show that audit quality has a positive relationship with auditor tenure, consistent with the auditor expertise hypothesis. The results are also supported by the 2SLS (two-stage least squares regression) analysis that addresses endogeneity of the auditor tenure and audit quality (Table 8: Two-stage least squares regressions of discretionary accruals on auditor tenure and control variables: Control for the endogeneity of auditor tenure), the analysis controlled the auditor designation policy (Table 9: Regressions of discretionary accruals on auditor tenure and control variables: Control for auditor designation policy in Korea) and other additional analyses(<Table 10: Regressions of absolute discretionary accruals on auditor tenure and control variables: absolute discretionary accruals as audit quality>). I find anonlinear relation between auditor tenure and audit quality, which is significantly positive below 6 years and between 2 and 8 years of auditor tenure(<Table 7: Piecewise linear regressions of discretionary accruals on auditor tenure and control variables : Nonlinearity analysis>). The nonlinear results have an implication that the mandatory auditor rotation policy can be supportive in light of the auditor expertise hypothesis . Furthermore, the 6-year rotation requirement enforced in Korea from 2006 will have some policy effectiveness. This paper contributes to the literature in several important ways. First, we try to test the nonlinearity features in auditor tenure and audit quality more precisely. Though Ghosh and Moon (2002) tests the nonlinearity using the regression with a dummy variable, this paper examines the nonlinearity using graph analysis and piecewise linear regression methodology. I find that if there is a nonlinear relationship between auditor tenure and audit quality, a mandatory auditor rotation policy is acceptable in view of the auditor expertise hypothesis also. Second, I examine the relation robustly using 2SLS (two-stage least squares) analysis. Because auditor tenure and audit quality (discretionary accruals) have an endogeneity problem according to the auditor change literature, general OLS analysis can create biased results. Third, I try to measure auditor tenure and audit quality with few measurement errors. Previous literature such as Ghosh and Moon (2002), Myers et al. (2003) and Mansi et al. (2004) measure auditor tenure by setting 1 to the beginning year of sample period. But I calculate auditor tenure more accurately by defining those firms which change auditors after 1994 as sample. Also, I enhance the audit quality variable using both the cross-sectional modified Jones model (1995) and the performance- matched modified Jones model (2005). As this paper addresses external auditor change which affects auditor tenure, it can not control internal partner and staff rotation effects which may influence audit quality. Regulation on external audits in Korea requires the same partner not to audit for four consecutive years, and two-thirds of the staff to rotate after three consecutive years of engagement for a listed company.

‘위축효과’에 대한 비교법적 고찰

임영덕(Lim, Young Deok),김형성(Kim, Hyung Sung) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2009 성균관법학 Vol.21 No.2

In America, The Supreme Court first referred to the "chilling effect" in a constitutional context in Wieman v. Updegraff. Since then the phrase has been extensively employed in opinions dealing with free speech and with other individual rights guaranteed by the Constitution. In Walker v. City of Birmingham, Justice Brennan wrote about the Court's use of the chilling effect. The chilling effect doctrine give these freedoms the necessary "breathing space to survive," the Court has modified traditional rules of standing and prematurity. We have molded both substantive rights and procedural remedies in the face of varied conflicting interests to conform to our overriding duty to insulate all individuals from the "chilling effect" upon exercise of First Amendment freedoms generated by vagueness, overbreadth and unbridled discretion to limit their exercise. The chilling effect doctrine has been most frequently employed and refined in first amendment cases. It reveals that the invocation of the chilling effect has one of three consequences. Chilling may justify the relaxation of rules which inhibit the litigation of constitutional claims in the federal courts; be proof of irreparable injury and a basis for injunctive relief; or demonstrate the need to create a substantive immunity from governmental control. Ultimately, in America, it has been suggested that the doctrine has particular relevance when the statute suffers from vagueness or overbreadth in case of freedom of expression. so, the Supreme Court has used unconstitutional reason. In Germany, The Federal Constitutional Court(Das Bundesverfassungsgericht) has considered "chilling effect(Einschüchterungseffekt)" in constitutional judicial procedure about freedom of expression(GG Art. 5 Recht der freien Meinungsäußerung, Medienfreiheit, Kunst- und Wissenschaftsfreiheit). In korea, The Constitutional Court refered to the "chilling effect" in a lot of constitutional context. and The chilling effect doctrine has been used unconstitutional reason, too. Frankly speaking, but, The Constitutional Court Korea misused this doctrine in some case. Specially, in case of National Security Act art. 9 (2) and Assembly and Demonstration Act art. 3 (1), art. 14 (1), the Korean Constitutional Court decided that vague articles are not unconstitutional clauses. because of considering the subjective requisite when police officer, prosecutor and judge interpretate National Security Act and Assembly and Demonstration Act. But this judicial decision of the Korean Constitutional Court increased the chilling effect in freedom of expression and in freedom of assemblyin korea. In this essay, we compare with a judicial decision about the chilling effect doctrine among The Supreme Court of America, The FederalConstitutional Court of Germany and The Constitutional Court of Korea.

지방의회의 의원 보좌관제 도입에 관한 소고

임영덕(LIM, Young-Deok),신가은(SHIN, Ka-Eun) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2012 法學硏究 Vol.15 No.3

우리나라의 지방자치제가 1991년 시행되기 시작한지 20여년이 흘렀다. 그간 지방분권의 노력을 기울였으나, 우리의 지방자치제가 성공적으로 정착했다고 평가하기는 어려울것 같다. 우리 중앙정부와 국회에서 일면으로는 지방자치제는 표방하면서도, 다른 한편으로는 지방자치단체의 권한을 제한하는 법제를 여전히 존치시키고 있을 뿐만 아니라 지방재정의 자립에 대한 근본적인 해결책을 내놓지 않음으로 인하여 지방자치의 발전을 가로막고 있다. 이러한 기조는 지방자치 전반에 만연해 있으며, 지방자치단체 내의 기관도 마찬가지이다. 우리 지방의회는 자치단체장과 더불어 지방자치제의 핵심적인 기관임에도 불구하고, 지방의회의 권한은 지방자치단체의 장, 중앙정부에 의하여 통제될 여지를 지방자치법에서 두고 있다. 이 뿐만 아니라 지방의회에서 독자적으로 재정에 대한 권한 행사와 직원 임면에 대한 권한도 지방자치단체의 장과 중앙정부에 의하여 통제될 수 있다. 이러한 지방의회에 대한 다양한 통제의 여지는 민주적 정당성을 가지고 있는 지방의회의 자율성에 대한 심대한 침해이며, 이로 인하여 지방의회가 건전한 역할 수행에 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 본고에서는 지방의회의 법적 지위와 기능을 분석하고, 이를 통하여 지방의회의 의원 보좌관제 도입의 의의를 도출하도록 할 것이다. 그리고 서울특별시의회의 의원입법의 현황과 사무기구 및 의원 보좌인력 현황을 분석하여 지방의회 의원의 보좌 인력 도입의 현실적 필요에 대하여 언급하도록 할 것이다. 그리고 서울시의회의 의원 보좌관제 도입 추진하려고 하였던 시도와 이에 대한 행정안전부와 대법원의 입장을 살펴보고, 이러한 판단의 문제점에 대하여 언급하도록 할 것이다. The first election of a local council was scheduled for May 10, 1952. However, The first Seoul Metropolitan Council was organized on September 5, 1956 due to the outbreak of the Korean War. But The council was dissolved by Military Administration Decree No. 4 on May 16, 1961. The local autonomy system was revived thirty years later. On June, 2012, the Eighth Seoul Metropolitan council is active interested in all of its divisions of local autonomy of Seoul Metropolitan. But the population of Seoul Metropolitan is over ten million. 114 council members are not able to respond the demand of ten million inhabitant. Seoul Metropolitan enacted the ordinance to keep the council members their aide. But Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs raised a question whether the ordinance is illegality against the Local Government Act. At this time, the case is in litigation in Supreme Court. Considering the local autonomy and the council autonomy, the stance of Ministry of Public Administration and Security has as much trouble. Because the council based on the democratic legitimacy is able to have authority over human resources and enact the ordinance of personnel affairs for the councillors.

인터넷상 시민기자의 취재원묵비권에 대한 고찰

임영덕(Lim, Young-Deok) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2010 성균관법학 Vol.22 No.3

The mass media such as newspaper, broadcasting system has played a role in the right to know. And journalists' right to keep their sources confidential has relevance to reinforce public functions of the mass media. In particular, the reporter's privilege seeks to protect the flow of information into the public discourse. In other words, the reporters' privilege has the important function to increase the flow of information under freedom of expression on constitutional law. But, in many countries, the courts rejected arguments that reporters' privilege must be guarantee by judical law. So, congress makes the law to protect journalists that deny to testimony. Throughout the last several years, legislatures have been expanding the types of media covered by the reporter's privilege to include mass media such as radio, television, and magazines. And nowaday, the development of the internet has challenged traditional journalism. Anyone who can connect on the internet is able to have one's private media. We must rethink the reporter's privilege in changes and challenges that internet media bring. The shield law for the new citizen journalists on the internet needs the different requirements. In this essay, I look into the examples of the State of Delaware's shield law and the state of Hawaii's shield law.

인터넷상 표현의 자유와 저작권에 관한 고찰

임영덕(Lim, Young-Deok) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2011 東亞法學 Vol.- No.53

인터넷의 출현은 표현의 자유라는 권리의 실현에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 인터넷으로 인하여 일반인들도 자신의 표현물을 전달할 수 있는 강력한 수단을 가지게 되었으며, 이로 인하여 표현의 자유의 지평이 넓어졌다. 인터넷을 통하여 일반인들도 적극적인 정보의 생산자가 되었으며, 이들은 기존의 저작물을 이용하여 새로운 창조활동을 하기도 한다. 그러나 저작권법에서 저작자의 권리만을 너무 강하게 보호하도록 규정하고 있으면, 이는 기존의 저작물을 이용하여 새로운 표현물을 만들어내려고 하는 수많은 일반인들의 표현의 자유를 제약할 소지가 높아진다. 즉 강한 저작자 보호는 인터넷에서 적극적인 참여를 통하여, 일반인들이 새로운 ‘민주적 문화’ 형성하는 행위를 저해할 수 있다. ‘민주적 문화’ 형성을 중시하는 관점에서는 저작권으로 경제적 이윤을 창출하는 것보다 문화를 형성하는 것이 더 큰 의미를 지닐 수 있다. 이러한 ‘민주적 문화’ 형성에 적합한 저작권을 구성하기 위하여, 우리 저작권법상 공정이용의 법리를 발전시켜야 한다. 그리고 온라인서비스제공자(OSP)가 게이트키퍼(Gatekeeper)가 아닌, 정보의 유통에 기여하는 중개자로서의 역할을 충실하도록 법리가 구성되어야 한다. 또, 행정부가 저작권법상 경고?게시판 폐쇄와 같은 권한을 가지고, 인터넷상 자유를 위협하는 것도 경계하여야 한다. 우리의 저작권법에서 표현의 자유를 제약하는 요소를 제거되어야 하며, ‘민주적 문화’의 형성이 촉진하는 방향으로 개선이 이루어져야 할 것이다. Internet is changing the circumstance to exercise his/her right of free speech. Internet technology allows him/her to communicate something to express throughout the world. In other words, everyone has media through internet. In the freedom of express, Internet is broadening its horizons with ‘decentralized’ and ‘global’ quality. But If, without balance between the right of copyright holders and the right of copyright"s user, the copyright holders are heavily protected by copyright law, Protecting the copyright will provoke the infringement of free speech right on the internet. Someone is worried copyright law only preserve to the copyright holders. Copyright protection may be able to cause to hamper ‘the development of online democratic culture’. Because ‘the development of online democratic culture’ is reached through Netizen-Participation. In the point of ‘democratic culture’ that is highly regarded the advance of culture, ‘the development of online democratic culture’ is more important than economic profit. We must structuralize the fair use doctrine of copyright law for ‘the development of online democratic culture’, make legal principles for the online service provider to take a neutral attitude on the internet and keep the administration from acting as the gatekeeper of internet. Copyright ought to contribute to develop ‘democratic culture’ on the internet.

국가의 교육ㆍ아동보호 정책과 부모의 자녀 양육ㆍ교육권에 관한 고찰

임영덕(Lim, Young-Deok) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2011 성균관법학 Vol.23 No.3

Constitution of the Republic of Korea Article 31 (1) states ‘All citizens have rights to receive equal education according to their merits’, guaranteeing people’s right to education. ‘Rights to receive education’ means the State’s responsibility to prepare facilities and systems necessary for making such equal education possible and to formulate an affirmative policy of providing substantively equal education to the socially and economically weak. Item 6 of the same Article states that the basic matters about school education, life-time education, and all other educational institutions, the management and finance thereof, and the status of teachers shall be specified by statute, specifying the State’s power and responsibility in school education. The above provision delegated to the State the operation of school education, and thereby granted comprehensive regulatory power over schools and the responsibility for children’s school education. Namely, Korea government must keep the national education system to guarantee people rights for education. And government has the responsibility to help juveniles grow into the persons of sound character and pushes the policy to regulate the distribution of harmful media materials and drugs, etc. among juveniles and their access to harmful entertainment establishments, and protect and rescue them from the injurious environment including harmful acts such as the abuse of and violence against them. Eventually, the nation’s responsibility to educate and help juveniles grow into the persons of sound character collides over the parents’ right of education in children’s nurturing and education. Meanwhile, Constitutional Court of Korea said “Parents’ right of education in children’s nurturing and education are to be respected in all areas of education. Nonetheless, in the area of school education, the State was granted by Article 31 of the Constitution an authority over education independent in principle from parents’ right of education. The State shares with parents the responsibility for children’s education in that area. Outside that area, parents’ right of education take precedence over the State’s. But court and government of Korea rejected the parents’ right to select their children’s school and the parent’s right to decide what school or teacher educate in the area of school education. And the Juvenile Protection Committee makes a decision on its own regulation of distribution of media materials harmful to juveniles. Furthermore, any online game service providers must not provide for juvenile to play online game from 0 A.M. to 6 A.M.. for juvenile protection. This article raises an objection in juvenile protection policy and education policy that parents’ right was not considered and duly weighed.

지방의회 인사청문회에 관한 법적 고찰

임영덕 ( Young Deok Lim ),신가은 ( Ka Eun Shin ) 법과사회이론학회 2012 법과 사회 Vol.0 No.43

The confirmation hearings in law means an institutional framework to prevent administration as a regime to verify in National Assembly whether the top rank officer of the administration, commissioned by the president, has the ability and qualification to fulfill their duties. We introduced the confirmation hearings through the revision of the National Assembly Act in 1988. The local assembly is recently moving forward with introduction of the confirmation hearings, recognized as a exclusive property of the Nation Assembly. The introduction of the confirmation hearings in local self-government needs to be checks and balances between bodies of the local self-government, to satisfy the right to know of inhabitants and to verify public officers. The precedent and administration has insisted that the confirmation regulation for the head of government-affiliated organization in the Framework Ordinance on the Seoul Metropolitan Council violate the power of the local government head because the Local Public Enterprises Act is enacted that the head of government-affiliated organization should be appointed by the local government head. However, verification regime of the ordinance, not proactive and active but the posteriori and passive, is not mean as a violating regulation the right of the mayor and it need to be allowed to checks and surveillance of the council for the enforcing authority. Furthermore, the introduce of pro-verification is needed to improve meaning and effectivity of confirmation hearings. To achieve this, the local assembly should urge strongly to revise of law that stands above ordinations. Because deprivation on the power of confirmation hearings or verification of the local assembly is not match with intent of the local self-government and the decentralization system. Also, The National Assembly has had a confirmation hearings for the top public officer of the Administration and the Judiciary. Thus, The Local Assembly will be worth consideration on target expansion of confirmation hearings.

인터넷 내용규제와 지배구조 모델에 관한 연구

임영덕 ( Young Deok Lim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.1

On the internet, content-related problems have been largely identified and categorized as illegal and harmful content. There have been many initiatives to deal specifically with the existence of illegal and harmful content over the Internet and these include an emphasis on self-regulation by Online Service Providers. But Online Service Providers must perform a role as information circulators on the internet. If so, Online Service Providers are indecisive over roles between controllers of illegal and harmful content and information circulators on the internet. Furthermore, Online Service Providers shape internet governance as forms of company that earn the economic profit. So, if Online Service Providers consider the economic profit to the highest value, they may be able to infringe on people`s rights e.g. the freedom of expression on the internet and economic rights on the internet. On the constitutive constitutionalism, we must contemplate the expansion of constitutional principles as state action doctrine in private sphere on the internet. But state action doctrine provoke the freedom in private sphere. So, we should enhance publicity on issue about the range and limit of application of state action doctrine reflected the spirit of constitutionalism in accordance with the era of the internet.

감사인의 산업전문성이 계속감사기간과 감사품질의 관계에 미치는 영향과 강제교체 감사인의 감사보수 분석

권수영 ( Soo Young Kwon ),임영덕 ( Young Deok Lim ),마희영 ( Hee Young Ma ) 한국회계학회 2008 회계저널 Vol.17 No.2

굴착방법에 따른 구조물의 손상도 평가

전재현,박종덕,임영덕,이석원,Jeon, Jae-Hyun,Park, Jong-Deok,Lim, Young-Duck,Lee, Seok-Won 한국터널지하공간학회 2013 한국터널지하공간학회논문집 Vol.15 No.2

도심지와 같이 개발가능한 지역이 제한되어 있으면 기존 건물에 인접하여 지반을 굴착하는 경우가 종종 발생한다. 이러한 경우 지반은 이완되고 따라서 토압에 따라 가시설 벽체에 변형이 발생하므로 인접 구조물의 안정성에 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실내 모형실험을 통하여 여러 가지 형태의 지반 굴착방법에 따른 인접 지반의 지표면 변위를 산정하고, 이를 수치해석에 적용하여 지표면 침하에 따른 구조물의 변형 양상을 연구하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 구조물 변형 형상 중에서 각 변위와 수평 변형율을 추출하여 최종적으로 인접 구조물의 손상 정도를 평가하였다. When the ground is excavated near the pre-existing structures due to the region restricted condition such as urban area, the ground will be released by the excavation and the temporary wall will be deformed depending on the earth pressure. In this case, issues can be created in terms of stability of pre-existing structures. Firstly, the laboratory model tests were carried out to investigate the ground surface settlement due to the ground excavation according to the excavation methods in this study. Using the ground surface settlement results from model tests, numerical analyses were carried out to study the structure deformation due to the ground excavation according to the excavation methods. Finally, using the structure deformation results from numerical analysis, the damage assessment of structures was carried out by using the strain damage estimation criterion.