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李賢澤 中央醫學社 1967 中央醫學 Vol.12 No.3
The author has investigated the effect of phage dose on phage hemagglutination. For this experiments, the klebsiella pneumoniae type 2, klebsiella phage and goat red cells were used and obtained the following results. For producing of the cold and warm phage hemagglutination, the more phage dose, in adsorption tube, than 106/ml and 108/ml was necessary respectively and, in the less dose of phage than that, phage hemagglutination was not produced even though higher concentration of serum was used. For producing of phage hemagglutination in the presence of 1:800 of stock serum of which K value is about 190min.-1, the more adsorbed phage particles, per sensitized red cell, than average 100 were necessary.
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慶北大學校 Campus 內 Bench 設値現況 및 利用實態分析
李鉉澤,鄭聖寬,林元炫,鄭東煥 慶北大學校 1988 論文集 Vol.46 No.-
This study was to establish a basic theory of facilities. In this study, establishment status, users' actual conditions' senses were investigated about bench in KPNU. The main results of this study were as follows: 1) The bench type was classified 6 types. They were named as bench shape.. Rentangle (87.0%) was established the highest. And concrete(47.0%) was the highest in case of materials. Backboard was all much the same number in case of established(46.5%) and unestablished(53.5%). 2) There was not bench size standard and most of benches were unfit to the humanscale. It indicated that bench, design and construction must consider the humanscale. 3) Bench was used for rest and talks(85.0%). Arrangement direction of bench was considers and more bench for rest was constructed in the future. 4) 2-3 persons (76.0%) was the highest in bench users and 3-4 persons (50.0%) who use the other places was the highest in case of user group. It suggested that bench for 2-4 persons was needed for bench users. 5) In the post-occupancy evaluation, design, color, and number of bench were evaluated below the normal. Especially, concrete bench (non backboard) was evaluated negatively in convenience, harmony with surroundings, design, and quality of material. More benches were needed and design, color, convenience, quality of material, and harmony with surroundings were considered convenience, quality of material, and harmony with surroundings were considered in bench construction. In conclusion, this study was researched only one facilities, but study with various facilities in various sites (school, park, amusement park, street, and parking area) were needed in the future.
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Reconciling Trade Measures in MEAs with the WTO Agreements ‒The DDA Negotiation and the Way Forward‒
이현택 국제법평론회 2022 국제법평론 Vol.- No.62
Multilateral environmental agreements (“MEAs”) are the centerpiece of the efforts of the international community to address global environmental challenges such as climate change. There now exists hundreds of MEAs covering various of fields of the environment and each of them serves a vital role for the multilateral response to environmental problems. Many MEAs employ trade measures as useful, or for some cases, indispensable means to ensure the effective operation of MEAs and achievement of their objectives. For instance, restrictions on trade in endangered species in CITES and trade restrictions on hazardous wastes in the Basel Convention have proven that such trade measures in MEAs may be effective and crucial to achieve the goals of MEAs. Nevertheless, such trade measures taken in pursuance of obligations under MEAs may be inconsistent with the rules of the WTO Agreements. For instance, prohibition on import or export of certain goods in accordance with MEA obligations may run afoul of GATT Article XI. Application of import or export ban on goods from select countries based on certain environmental criteria provided in MEAs may be inconsistent with the Most Favoured Nation Clause in GATT Article I. If a trade measure results in different treatment of goods of foreign origin vis-à-vis domestically produced goods, that may constitute an inconsistency with the national treatment obligation under the GATT Article III. Still, such trade measures will not be deemed WTO-inconsistent if exempted under GATT Article XX. It has been accepted that GATT Article XX (b) and (g) can be applied to the government measures for environmental policy purposes. Thus, it has been argued that trade measures taken in pursuance of the obligations under MEAs, for their obvious purpose to achieve the environmental goals of the MEAs, will be exempted from being WTO-inconsistent under the GATT general exceptions. However, there is still unclarity in the WTO jurisprudence regarding GATT Article XX, and the WTO panels and the Appellate Body have often been criticized for their questionable methodology and insufficient understanding of the environment policy in their interpretation of GATT Article XX(b), (g), and the chapeau in disputes concerning environmental issues. Further, there are many types of trade measures different in content, form and especially the degree of discretion allowed to the parties to MEAs. Thus, while it is quite possible that a trade measure taken in pursuance of MEA may be accommodated through GATT Article XX, it will require a case-by-case analysis, and one cannot be certain that all of such trade measures will always be accommodated thusly. Therefore, there is unclarity in the relationship between the WTO Agreements and MEAs, and such uncertainty creates problems for both the WTO and MEAs. Recognizing this problem, WTO Members have discussed the ways to reconcile the trade measures in MEAs with the rules of the WTO Agreement, especialy during the Doha Development Agenda negotiation. Although DDA negotiation on this issue did not produce concrete results, the discussions by the Members and the proposals made by some of the Members during the DDA negotiation provided valuable insight into this issue, and the basic ideas therein are still relevant today. Particularly important are the Member’s discussions on the scope of the specific trade obligations laid down in MEAs, or “STOs”, and three key proposals, namely, 1) codification of the principles that govern the WTO–MEA relationship, 2) the presumption of conformity for STOs, and 3) sharing of national experiences of domestic coordination, coupled with the enhanced institutional collaboration between the WTO and MEAs. Importantly, they can serve as the foundation for a new legal framework that reconciles rules of the WTO and trade measures in MEAs. A clear normative framework is necessary to address the unpredictability in this issue and dispel the “chilling ... .
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도시 고층아파트단지 주거민의 외부공간 이용행태 및 만족요인 분석
이현택,이철희 한국조경학회 1990 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.18 No.2
The purpose of this study is to establish better residential environment in APT. complex. In this study, the actual conditions of exterior space, user behavior and degree of satisfaction are investigated and analyzed on the 5 high-rise story APT complex in Taegu city. The results of this study were as follow ; The size and arrangement of organizational elemnnt to exterior space in APT. complex have been regulated by law and regulations as the buildings coverage and floor space index, but housinghold and accessibility to the racility will be simultaneously considered to raise Quality of the residential environoment. The main user behavior to exterior space in APT. complex was practical activity and the user behavior pattern by week and among APT. complex were found similiarly. In the ratio of use to exterior space in APT. Complex, that of high-rise residents were lower than that of lowrise residents. In the degree of satisfaction by property of variables to exterior environment In APT. comples, physical of buildings, social - psychologic, managerial economical, physical property of exterior space were estimated positively, but properly of facility were estimated negatively. The degee of satisfaction to exterior environment in APT. complex was highly Influenced by green space, site size. As a result of ractor analysis, the four factors were drawn out from exterior environment in APT. complex. and the factors that have an effect on the degree of residents' satisfaction by factorscore were found in the order of importance as fallow ; managemental, physical, environmental, organizalional factor. Therefore, devilopment of APT. complex should be considered in a view of environmental psychology according to physical organization for used in the future. It is recommended that this problems should be necessitated to be more deeply studies in the future.
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