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라디오주파수 분말 스퍼터링 방법으로 성장시킨 주석을 도핑한 산화아연 박막의 열처리
이하람 ( Haram Lee ),정병언 ( Byeong Eon Jeong ),양명훈 ( Myeong Hun Yang ),이종관 ( Jong Kwan Lee ),최영빈 ( Young Bin Choi ),강현철 ( Hyon Chol Kang ) 한국열처리공학회 2018 熱處理工學會誌 Vol.31 No.3
We report the post-annealing effect of Sn doped ZnO (ZnO:Sn) thin film grown on sapphire (001) sub-strate using radio-frequency powder sputtering method. During thermal annealing in a vacuum atmosphere, the ZnO:Sn thin film is transformed into a porous thin film. Based on X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses, a possible mechanism for the production of pores is presented. Sn atoms segregate to form clusters that act as catalysts to dissociate Zn-O bonds. The Zn and O atoms subsequently vaporize, leading to the formation of pores in the ZnO:Sn thin film. We also found that Sn clusters were oxidized to form SnO or SnO<sub>2</sub> phases. (Received April 20, 2018; Revised April 27, 2018; Accepted May 4, 2018)
유아의 행동억제와 불안: 어머니의 과보호적 양육행동과 자율성 지지의 매개효과
이하람(Haram Lee),신나나(Nana Shin) 한국보육지원학회 2020 한국보육지원학회지 Vol.16 No.6
Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effect of preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and indirect effects through maternal overprotective parenting and autonomy support on preschoolers’ anxiety. Methods: A total of 295 preschoolers and their mothers were the subjects of this study. Mothers completed a questionnaire that included measures of their parenting behavior, preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: First, preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition had a direct effect on their anxiety. Preschoolers with higher behavioral inhibition displayed higher levels of anxiety. Second, maternal overprotective parenting mediated the relationship between preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Third, maternal autonomy support mediated the relationship between preschoolers’ behavioral inhibition and anxiety. Conclusion/Implications: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of reducing maternal overprotective parenting and promoting autonomy support to prevent preschoolers’ anxiety. These findings could be used as a foundation for developing parent education programs for mothers with behaviorally inhibited preschoolers.
정상성의 생명정치 : 윌리엄 워즈워스의 『서곡』 다시 읽기
이하람 ( Lee Haram ) 영미문학연구회 2020 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.49
This article examines William Wordsworth’s critique of normativity in the context of emerging biopolitics in Romantic-era Britain. In The Prelude, Wordsworth criticizes what can be called a “biopolitical” attempt to normalize the able body by investigating the problems of embodied subjectivity. If emerging biopower in the late eighteenth century operates to control populations to maximize their labor force, as Michel Foucault suggests, it does so by distinguishing between those who can perform simple, mechanical labor and those who cannot, and by defining the former (so-called the “able-bodied”) as normal and the latter (the “disabled-bodied”) as abnormal. I argue that Wordsworth’s The Prelude provides critical insights into the bodily subject that biopower seeks to normalize, demonstrating its potentials and limits through his depiction of natural man. In this autobiographical poem, Wordsworth portrays above all the poet himself as a natural man in an ambivalent or “paradoxical” sense: he is described to oscillate between two contrary states, between a simple natural creature reduced to its physicality and a full-fledged, human subject capable of thinking. Wordsworth registers this ambivalence of the natural man as such when he describes his alter-ego, the Boy of Winander, in Book 5. This wild boy running around in the mountains appears to be an animalistic existence like Wordsworth’s own childhood self, and yet he somehow develops self-consciousness, albeit only temporarily. Moreover, Wordsworth attributes the natural man’s self-transformative power to his body, especially to its affective capacity. As he traces the “growth of the poet’s mind,” Wordsworth becomes the Poet, an individual with exceptional sensibility and intelligence, by readjusting his relationship to his own body. He illustrates this corporeal aspect of his “growth”in his visions after the ascent of Mount Snowdon in Book 13. Once the “naked savage,” Wordsworth now (re)gains a capacity for thinking by reinforcing the body’s affective capacity, or what he terms Imagination: a power for producing a self-reflective feeling. In portraying natural man in The Prelude, Wordsworth then rethinks the normative body in the age of biopolitics: it resides within a spectrum that oscillates between a living body and a thinking body.
고효율 페로브스카이트 태양전지용 무기 금속 산화물 기반 정공수송층의 개발
이하람(Haram Lee),킴 마이(Cuc Thi Kim Mai),장윤희(Yoon Hee Jang),이도권(Doh-Kwon Lee) 한국태양광발전학회 2020 Current Photovoltaic Research Vol.8 No.2
In perovskite solar cells with planar heterojunction configuration, selection of proper charge-transporting layers is very important to achieve stable and efficient device. Here, we developed solution processible Cu doped NiOx (Cu:NiOx) thin film as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in p-i-n structured methylammonium lead trihalide (MAPbI₃) perovskite solar cell. The transmittance and thickness of NiOx HTL is optimized by control the spin-coating rate and Cu is additionally doped to improve the surface morphology of undoped NiOx thin film and hole-extraction properties. Consequently, a perovskite solar cell containing Cu:NiOx HTL with optimal doping ratio of Cu exhibits a power conversion efficiency of 14.6%.
분말 스퍼터링과 후열처리 복합 공정으로 제조한 주석 함유 갈륨 산화물 다공성 나노와이어
이하람,강현철,Lee, Haram,Kang, Hyon Chol 한국결정성장학회 2019 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.29 No.6
라디오주파수 분말 스퍼터링 방법으로 sapphire (0001) 기판 위에 Sn을 함유한 β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn) 나노와이어를 증착하였다. 후열처리 공정의 가스 분위기가 나노와이어 형상의 변화에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 800℃에서 진공 중 열처리 과정에서, as-grown 나노와이어는 다공성 구조로 전이하였다. 비화학양론 Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3-x</sub>는 화학양론 Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>로 바뀌고, Sn원자는 응집하여 나노클러스터를 형성한다. Sn 나노클러스터는 증발하여 Sn 원자의 함량은 1.31에서 0.27 at%로 감소하였다. Sn원자의 증발로 인하여 나노와이어 표면에 다수의 기공이 형성되고, 이는 β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn 나노와이어의 체적대비 표면적 비율을 증가시킨다. We investigated the post-annealing effect of Sn-incorporated β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn) nanowires (NWs) grown on sapphire (0001) substrates using radio-frequency powder sputtering. The β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn NWs were converted to a porous structure during the vacuum annealing process at 800℃. Host non-stoichiometric Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3-x</sub>, is transformed into stoichiometric Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, where Sn atoms separate and form Sn nano-clusters that gradually evaporate in a vacuum atmosphere. As a result, the amount of Sn atoms was reduced from 1.31 to 0.27 at%. Pores formed on the sides of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn NWs were observed. This increases the ratio of the surface to the volume of β-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> : Sn NWs.
로봇심판의 도입이 야구팬들이 인식하는 판정에 대한 공정성과 경기 시청 경험에 미치는 영향
홍규리(Hong, Kyuri),이하람(Lee, Haram),강영우(Kang, Young Woo),장원석(Jang, Wonseok) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2021 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.26 No.3
본 연구는 로봇심판의 적용이 야구팬들이 인식하는 판정에 대한 공정성, 경기 시청 만족도 및 재시청 의사에 미치는 영향력을 규명하고자 하는 데 연구 목적이 있다. 총 140명의 야구팬이 본 실험연구에 참여하였으며, 판정의 주체(로봇심판 vs. 인간심판)와 볼 판정에 대한 불확실성 수준(낮음 vs. 높음)이 조작되었다. 본 실험연구 결과에 따르면 판정에 대한 불확실성에 상관없이 로봇심판의 적용은 인간심판과 비교해서 판정에 대한 공정성 뿐 아니라 경기 시청 만족도와 재시청 의사에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 로봇심판의 적용(인간심판과 비교해서)이 판정에 대한 공정성에 미치는 영향력은 머신 휴리스틱(machine heuristic)을 통해 매개되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 한국 프로야구에서 로봇심판의 도입을 적극 추진하고 있음에도 불구하고 아직까지 로봇심판에 대한 야구팬들의 인식은 연구되고 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 로봇심판에 대한 야구팬들의 인식을 규명함으로써 로봇심판의 성공적인 정착을 위한 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. The purpose of this study was to understand how baseball fans evaluate the call credibility depending on the types of the umpire (robot umpire vs. human umpire) and the levels of call uncertainty (low vs. high). A total of 140 U.S. baseball fans were recruited from a research panel firm. The results of this study indicated that participants perceived the calls as more credible when robot umpires make the ball and strike decisions in comparison to human umpires regardless of the level of call uncertainty. In addition, participants in the robot umpire condition exhibited a greater level of viewing satisfaction and future intention to watch the game than those in the human umpire condition. The results of this study provide numerous theoretical and practical implications regarding the adoption of robot umpires.