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이정우(Lee Joung-Woo) 한국사회경제학회 2008 사회경제평론 Vol.- No.30
세계화는 여러 얼굴을 가진 복잡한 현상이어서 천사, 혹은 악마로 보는 단순한 시각은 옳지 않다. 세계화가 불평등을 심화시킨다는 주장이 널리 유포되고 있으나 그 이론적, 통계적 근거는 약하다. 실제로 세계화는 요소가격균등화 경향을 가지므로 반드시 불평등을 심화시킨다고 보기는 어렵고, 국가간 및 국내의 불평등에 미치는 영향은 복잡다기하다. 세계화와 복지국가의 관계도 간단치 않다. 실제 복지국가의 발전이 세계화를 촉진시킨 측면이 있다. 흔히 세계화가 복지국가를 위축, 후퇴시킨다는 속설이 있으나 소위 ‘바닥으로의 경주’의 증거는 약하고, 상이한 정치경제체제를 취하는 국가군에 따라 다양한 결과가 나타난다. 오히려 세계화가 진행될수록 복지국가의 확충이 필요한 측면도 무시할 수 없으며, 특히 한국처럼 복지국가 없이 개방을 추구한 불안정 국가일수록 이 점이 강조될 필요가 있다. Globalization has many faces. It is neither an angel nor a devil. It is widely believed that globalization makes the world more unequal, but the theoretical and statistical basis of the hypothesis is rather weak. Globalization, through the effect of factor price equalization, may have a downward impact on world inequality. The net impact of globalization on inequality varies among different nations.<BR> The relationship between globalization and the welfare state is also rather complex. Interestingly enough the development of the welfare state in the post World War II period has brought about globalization. The basis for the popular hypothesis that globalization causes the welfare state retrenchment is very weak. There is little evidence for the "race to the bottom". The impact of globalization on the welfare state differs among the "convergence clubs". There exists strong reason that globalization needs and fosters the welfare state, and it gives an important lesson to Korea which has driven to globalization and opening-up of the economy without any serious effort to build up the welfare state.
이정우(Lee Joung-Woo) 역사비평사 2009 역사비평 Vol.- No.87
The way to escape out of economic crises depends on the characteristics of the society, the class relations, and the economic model each nation takes. Sweden took the new road of 'the middle way' in trying to solve the Great Depression and the struggling labor relations by reaching agreement in Saltzobaden between labor and management in 1938. America fell into a crisis of the economy by pursuing the market fundamentalist approach by three consecutive Republican governments of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. Tax cut, deregulation, business-friendly, and anti-labor were the keywords of the era. America could only escape from the crisis by the New Deal initiated by Roosevelt. However, market fundamentalism returned to America when Reagan, Bush, senior and junior, took the same policy position as that in the nineteen twenties. That has caused the current crisis which has put the world economy into jeopardy. In Korea the 1997 Asian Crisis was largely solved by Kim, Dae Jung government by adhering to the demands of IMF, which was basically the market fundamentalist prescription. Now another crisis caused by the financial crisis of the US economy is being treated with the same prescription by the current Lee, Myong-Bak regime. The former prescription was largely taken by pressure from outside, but latter by own will. It is important to notice that market fundamentalism is hardly a cure for the disease, but another cause for the future headache. Economic democracy like the Swedish model may be the most plausible long-term prescription for the recurring crises of the Korean economy.