보조사 ‘-요’의 음장 변화에 따른 청자의 지각 차이 비교

윤은경(Yoon Eunkyung),김슬기(Kim Sulki) 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.4

This paper investigates whether listeners perceive a different level of politeness when the duration of the Korean sentence-final auxiliary particle ‘-yo’ is varied. A total of 10 Korean sentences were manipulated by lengthening and shortening ‘-yo’ by 10%, 20%, and 30%. The participants included native Korean speakers and Chinese and Japanese learners of Korean (n=10, respectively). They were asked to rate the level of politeness of the stimuli on a 9-point scale. It was found that Korean listeners perceived decreased politeness as the duration of ‘-yo’ was shortened and increased politeness as it was lengthened. However, Chinese and Japanese listeners did not perceive a different level of politeness from the manipulated sentences. This finding suggests that it is important to teach L2 speakers that the duration of the auxiliary particle ‘-yo’ plays a role in Korean listeners’ perception of politeness.

勞瘵에 대한 고찰 : 결핵과의 비교를 중심으로

尹銀卿(Yoon Eunkyung),金鍾鉉(Kim Jong-hyun) 대한한의학원전학회 2021 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.34 No.4

Objectives : The Korean Medical concept Nochae(勞瘵) has been identified as tuberculosis, which is defined as an infectious disease caused by Myobacterium Tuberculosis. However, this identification requires re-examination. Methods : The historical context of tuberculosis was examined, followed by examination of Nochae(勞瘵) as explained in the classical medical texts. The findings were compared. Results : Before tuberculosis was defined by Myobacterium Tuberculosis, there were various discussions on the disease, which overlapped greatly with Nochae(勞瘵). On the other hand, there were notable distinctions as well, which suggest key characteristics of Nochae(勞瘵). Conclusions : Tuberculosis pre-bacteria was understood as a consumptive and infectious disease manifested in symptoms in the Lungs. Nochae(勞瘵) was not defined by its lesion but rather within the contexts of deficiency-fatigue and being caused by parasites called Chung(蟲). Moreover, emotional fatigue was understood as the main cause of Nochae(勞瘵).

초급 한국어 교재에 나타난 종성 관련 음운현상의 빈도 분석

윤은경(Yoon, Eunkyung) 한국외국어교육학회 2014 Foreign languages education Vol.21 No.1

This paper sought to analyze the frequency of appearance of final consonants in Korean in order to provide basic data for teaching foreign learners pronunciation. In this paper, the audio materials contained in the elementary textbooks, 'Korean as a foreign language 1, 2' were transcribed into Hangul and the frequencies of appearance of phonemes were analyzed using SynKDP ver 1.6. The results showed that the frequency of final consonants out of all phonemes was approximately 14%. Of the final consonants, 88% were shown to be sonorants /m, n, ŋ, l/ and 12% were shown to be obstruents /p˥, t˥, k˥ /. The frequency of appearance of nasal sounds /m, n, ŋ/ was shown to be quite high at approximately 66%. The ratio of obstruents that became nasal sounds by the nasal assimilation, was shown to be approximately 16%. Lateral /l/ sound showed a frequency of 21% and only 1% of them were identified to be the result of the lateralization of obstruents. Meanwhile, approximately 74% of obstruent final consonants involved fortition, and only approximately 26% were pure obstruent final consonants. Finally, cases where the aspiratization occurred after neutralization were found in only 57 words out of 5,577 words in total. Pedagogical implications are discussed.

의사소통 전략으로서의 언어적, 비언어적 한·중 청자반응 유형 대조

윤은경 ( Yoon Eunkyung ),정염 ( Ding Yan ) 국제어문학회 2021 국제어문 Vol.- No.91

본 연구는 한·중 청자반응 표현에 대한 윤은경·정염(2021) 연구를 확장하는 것을 연구 목적으로 삼는다. 언어적 및 비언어적 청자반응 유형의 차이를 한국어와 중국어 청자를 대상으로 살펴보았다. 청자반응 표현의 빈도는 사회적 지위와 인간관계의 친밀도에 따라 측정되었다(교수 대 지인). 이 연구를 위해 총 45명의 참가자가 모집되어 세 집단 중 하나에 배정되었다. 그 결과 한한(한국어 청자) 집단과 중중(중국어 청자) 집단은 지인보다 교수와 대화할 때 청자반응 표현을 더 많이 사용한 반면 한중(한국어 화자 + 중국어 청자) 집단에서는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 특히 한한 집단은 언어 표현보다 거의 2배에 가까운 비언어적 또는 복합적(언어적 + 비언어적) 청자반응 표현을 사용했으나, 중중 집단은 언어적 표현을 선호했다. 반면, 한한 집단과 중중 집단은 공통적으로 지인과 대화할 때보다는 교수와 대화할 때 비언어적 표현을 더 많이 사용했다. 최근까지 한국어 교육에 대한 연구에서 언어적 또는 비언어적 청자반응 표현은 관심을 받지 못했다. 그러나 청자반응의 실패는 의사소통에 큰 지장을 줄 수 있다는 점에서 보다 면밀한 연구가 필요하다는 점을 확인했다는 데 연구 의의가 있다. This study expands Yoon and Ding’s (2021 to appear) investigation of listeners’ responses as conversational strategies. Verbal and non-verbal backchannels were cross-linguistically investigated among native Korean and Chinese speakers. The frequency of the backchannels was measured according to their social status and the intimacy level of relationships(professors vs. friends). A total of 45 participants were recruited and assigned to one of three groups. The results revealed that the GK (Korean-only) and GC (Chinese-only) groups used more backchannels when conversing with professors than friends, whereas no significant difference was observed within the KC (Korean+Chinese) group. In particular, the GK group used non-verbal or combined (verbal + non-verbal) backchannel expressions almost twice as much as verbal expressions, while the GC group preferred verbal expressions. Both the GK and GC groups used non-verbal backchannels more than verbal ones when talking to professors than when talking to friends. Until recently, verbal or non-verbal backchannels have been neglected in research on Korean language education; however, research on backchannels is necessary in that its failure can significantly impede communication.

방언 간 코드 스위칭으로 인한 감정 발화의 음성적 변화: 예비 한국어 교원을 대상으로

윤은경 ( Eunkyung Yoon ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.70

This paper identified phonetic characteristics of emotional expression in speech. For the perception test, we asked participants that use Seoul or Daegu dialects to speak in four stages of anger. The results showed that listeners perceived a higher level of anger from men who use the Daegu dialect than from men who use the Seoul dialect. As for the production test, the similar results as in the perception test were observed. A multiple regression analysis provides a conclusion that f0 and sound elongation affected the perceived level of anger the most. Just as the pattern of the nuclear tone HLH% and LHL% were crucial. This study showed that emotional expression in speaking varies widely by the speaker`s dialect, and the elongation of the nuclear tone and its pattern could provide the theoretical implication in assessing the expression of emotions in speaking.

발화 조절에 따른 한국어 모음의 음성적 특징과 오류 양상 분석

윤은경 ( Eunkyung Yoon ) 이중언어학회 2018 이중언어학 Vol.72 No.-

The present study was to investigate the extent to which clear speech is an effective intelligibility enhancement strategy for non-native speakers of Korean. Ten Chinese advanced learners were participated in speech production test. Acoustic differences between clear speech (CL) and conversational speech (CON) of Korean monophthongs were measured on durations, f1 and f2 values, vowel quadrilateral spaces, and the vowel identification test was evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) the paired t-test on durations showed a statistical significance between CL and CON, which means the durations of CL were longer than those of CON. (2) The two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted that examined the effect of vowels and utterance levels on vowel quadrilateral area (Hz²). The vowel spaces of CL were even larger than those of CON across all seven vowels. (3) the vowel identification scores of individual tokens demonstrated the similar error rates for both CL and CON. Although it is important to understand speech accommodation effect for speech clarity, these results suggest that the expanded temporal and spectral properties may not guarantee the accuracy of listeners’ identification of vowels. Other factors (e.g., learners’ anxiety) affecting second language acquisition should be discussed for further research. (Daegu Cyber University)

臨産徵候에 대한 韓醫學的 考察

윤은경(Yoon Eunkyung)(尹銀卿) 대한한의학원전학회 2020 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.33 No.4

Objectives : 본고는 현대의 출산 경향이 정상 출산에 대한 부분적인 지식과 왜곡된 이해로부터 비롯된다는 문제의식 하에 신체에서 벌어지는 현상을 위주로 정상 출산의 모습을 제시하고자 했다. Method : 한의학 문헌에 나타난 임산 징후 내용을 통해 산모의 몸에서 일어나는 변화와 그 기전을 고찰하고, 태아의 변화는 十개월째 태아의 발달과정의 내용을 바탕으로 산모의 몸에서 일어나는 변화와 연관 지어 살펴보았다. Result : 임산 시에 나타나는 위와 같은 징후는 産母의 몸에서 일어나는 변화를 반영하며, 이러한 변화는 子宮을 중심으로 관련 경맥과 장부에서 일어난다. 한편 태아 측에서도 출산을 위한 준비를 하는데, 산모가 태아를 몸 밖으로 내보내기 전까지 스스로 움직일 준비와 모체와 분리하기에 충분한 神이 갖추어지는 것이다. Conclusion : 출산 과정은 胎兒의 배출로 귀결되는 불필요하며 최대한 단축해야 하는 기간이 아니라 원활한 출산을 위해 필수적인 변화가 産母와 胎兒에게서 일어나는 시간이다. Objectives : This paper discusses Normal Birth in the Korean Medical context with a focus on bodily phenomena, with an aim to shed new light on what happens to mothers and the fetuses at the time of birth. Methods : Based on contents in the medical classics, changes that happen to the mother’s body and their mechanisms were examined, followed by changes that happen in the fetus. The developments that happen to the fetus in the final month of pregnancy were studied in relation to aforementioned findings on the mother. Results : Signs of birth presented in the mother’s body are manifestations of bodily changes that happen in a network with certain channels/meridians and viscera/bowels surrounding the uterus. The fetus prepares for birth as well, moving downwards into the mother’s pelvis and his/her shen(神) getting prepared for separation from the mother’s body. Conclusions : The birth process is not a race towards a finish line that ends with the birth of the fetus. It is rather a time wherein necessary changes in both the mother and the fetus takes place for a smooth and healthy birth.

한국어 강세의 산출과 지각 -한국어와 중국어 모어 화자를 대상으로-

윤은경 ( Eunkyung Yoon ),자오원카이 ( Wenkai Cao ) 이중언어학회 2016 이중언어학 Vol.62 No.-

The current study conducted experiments on the production and perception of accents by Korean (KG) and Chinese (CG) speakers to establish a theoretical ground for utilizing accents to teach Korean pronunciation. The production of accents was analyzed; KG and CG speakers read out two-syllable nonsense words in three different accents three separate times with (1) natural utterances, (2) the accent on the first syllable, and (3) the accent on the second syllable. First, the result of the analysis indicates that in the case of natural utterances, the pitches of KG and CG speakers were similar. As for the sound length, KG speakers pronounced the second syllable much longer than the first syllable, both of which were longer than when pronounced by CG speakers. Second, when the accent was on the first syllable, the pitch was high. In this case, experiments on perception revealed that the pitch of the first syllable was similar to the first tone(high level) of the Chinese language. As for the sound length, the first syllable (with the accent) was pronounced the longest by both KG and CG speakers. This phenomenon was more clearly observed in production of accents by women in both groups. Finally, when the accent was on the second syllable, the pitch showed a rise-fall pattern for both groups, in which the first syllable started at a low pitch and rose to the peak on the second syllable before falling. Experiments showed that accents were perceived in a manner similar to the fourth tone(falling pattern) of the Chinese language. The sound length was the longest on the second syllable (with the accent) for both KG and CG speakers. Interestingly, the pitch of the accented syllable, whether it was the first or second syllable, was higher for KG speakers than it was for CG speakers. Therefore, when teaching Chinese speakers the correct pronunciation of Korean as a foreign language, it must be kept in mind that the Chinese speaker`s pitch may not be as high as that of the Korean speaker; furthermore, Chinese speakers may consider sound length more important than the pitch.

한국어 남성 교원의 여성스러운 말투에 대한 사회언어학적 청자 변인 연구

윤은경 ( Eunkyung Yoon ),곽선우 ( Sunwoo Kwak ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2017 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.75

The purpose of this paper is to investigate listeners` perception on femininity produced by male Korean teachers. This paper examined a detailed analysis of how 80 listeners with the different occupations(including teaching experiences), dialects, and genders judge the speech samples of the femininity using a five-point Likert scale. First, it was found that the listener group of Korean language teachers tend to be less sensitive than non-teachers to femininity in the speech of men teachers. Second, listeners of the Gyeongsang dialect were more sensitive to femininity in male speech than listeners of the Seoul dialect or Jeolla dialect(the lowest scores). Third, the majority of male listeners gave higher scores for femininity to female speakers than to male speakers while all female listeners were sensitive to femininity in male speech. The findings in the present study suggest that listeners` backgrounds do affect the evaluation of a paralinguistic cue, such as femininity in question, in the speech utterances of Korean male language teachers.

어말 위치 /ᅩ/의 /ᅮ/ 대체 현상에 대한 문법 항목별 출현빈도 연구

윤은경(Eunkyung Yoon) 한국음성학회 2020 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.12 No.1

본 논문은 구어 말뭉치를 기반으로 한국어 /ᅩ/가 /ᅮ/로 고모음화되는 현상(예, ‘별로’ [별루])에 대해 문법 항목별로 차이를 살펴보는 데 연구 목적이 있다. 한국어의 /ᅩ/와 /ᅮ/는 [+원순성] 자질을 공유하지만, 혀 높이 차이로 변별된다. 그러나 최근 /ᅩ/와 /ᅮ/의 두 모음의 음성적 구분이 모호해지는 병합 현상이 진행 중이라고 여러 논문에서 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 어말 위치의 /ᅩ/가 한국어 자연언어 구어 말뭉치(The Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech)에서 음성적으로 [o] 또는 [u]로 실현되는 현상을 연결어미, 조사, 부사, 체언의 문법 항목별로 출현빈도 및 출현비율에 대해 살펴보았다. 실험 결과 연결어미, 조사, 부사에서 /ᅩ/는 약 50%의 비율로 /ᅮ/로 대체되는 것을 확인했고, 체언에서만 상당히 낮은 비율인 5% 미만으로 대체가 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 고빈도 형태소 중에서 가장 높은 /ᅮ/ 대체율을 보인 형태소는 "-도 [두]" (59.6%)였고, 연결어미에서는 "-고 [구]" (43.5%)로 나타났다. 구어 말뭉치를 통하여 실제 발음형과 표준발음의 차이를 살펴보았다는 데 연구 의의가 있다. This study identified the substitution of /u/ for /o/ (e.g., pyəllo [pyəllu]) in Korean based on the speech corpus as a function of grammar items. Korean /o/ and /u/ share the vowel feature [+rounded], but are distinguished in terms of tongue height. However, researchers have reported that the merger of Korean /o/ and /u/ is in progress, making them indistinguishable. Thus, in this study, the frequency of the phonetic manifestation /u/ of the underlying form of /o/ for each grammar item was calculated in The Korean Corpus of Spontaneous Speech (Seoul Corpus 2015) which is a large corpus from a total of 40 speakers from Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. It was then confirmed that linking endings, particles, and adverbs ending with /o/ in the word-final position were substituted for /u/ approximately 50% of the stimuli, whereas, in nominal items, they were replaced at a frequency of less than 5%. The high rates of substitution were the special particle “-do[du]” (59.6%) and the linking ending “-go[gu]” (43.5%) among high-frequency items. Observing Korean pronunciation in real life provides deep insight into its theoretical implications in terms of speech recognition.