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신완식 ( Wan Shik Shin ) 한국산업디자이너협회(한국인더스트리얼디자인학회) 2007 산업디자인학연구 Vol.1 No.1
기능주의는 한 시대의 지배적 사조이기 이전에 인간의 역사와 궤를 같이하는 철학적 관념이다. 특히 라마르크와 다윈 등의 용불용설이나 자연도태설은 19세기의 사회변혁과 더불어 기능주의의 확산과 발전의 커다란 계기가 되었다. 그리고 주로 건축을 중심으로 전개되었던 금세기의 기능주의는 이론과 실제에서 제품디자인에 많은 영향을 주었으며 제품디자인 이론의 학문적 배경이 되고 있다. 그러나 ‘형태는 기능을 따른다’라는 기능주의의 이념과 논리는 형태와 기능 사이에 밀접한 연관성이 있는 ‘글래스박스’류의 제품에서만 적용될 수 있다. 형태와 기능 사이의 연관성이 거의 없는 블랙박스의 제품에 있어서는 기능주의의 논리가 적용될 수 없다. 그런데 현재 우리의 물질적 환경은 대부분 블랙박스로 이루어져 있으며, 디자인의 대상물도 대부분 블랙박스류의 제품이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 전통적인 형태와 기능의 관련에서 출발한 기능주의의 이론은 현실적 가치를 잃게 되었고, 디자인의 전체적 학문체계도 위협을 받게 되었다. 블랙박스류의 제품 형태와 기능 사이의 연관성에 대한 심도 있는 연구가 시급하다. Functionalism is more of a philosophical notion which keeps abreast with human history than a dominant trend of though of a period in particular, Lamarck's use and disuse theory and Darwin's theory of natural selection, together with social changes in 19th century, gave momentum to the development and expansion of functionalism. The functionalism of this century, which has developed with its focus on architecture, has exerted a great influence on product design both in theory and in practice and has provided product design with a theoretical background. The doctrine and logic of functionalism that 'From follows function' can be applied only the 'glass box' products whose form and function are closely related to each other. The same can not be applied to the 'black box' products whose form and function do not bear close relation the each other. The problem lies in the fact that our material environment is mostly composed of 'black box' and that the 'black box' products make up a greater part of the objects of design. Consequently the theory of functionalism, which orginated based on the traditional notion about the form-function relation has lost its pracitical value and the very existence of academic system of design in general is being threatened. Seen in this respect a systematic and in depth study of the relation between form and function of 'black box' products is urgently called form.
신완식(Wan Shik Shin),한치화(Chi Hwa Han),유석환(Suk Hwan Yoo),박종원(Chong Won Park),강문원(Moon Won Kang),김춘추(Choon Choo Kim),김동집(Dong Jip Kim),정희영(Hee Young Chung),김학기(Hak Ki Kim),최일봉(Il Bong Choi) 대한내과학회 1991 대한내과학회지 Vol.41 No.1
N/A We studied, retrospectively, the patterns of infection in 50 febrile, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients during the period from March 1983 to February 1989 at St. Mary's Hospital. The results were as follows: 1) Out of 50 patients, 35 were diagnosed with leukemia and 15 with aplastic anemia. In the leukemic patients, 11 had acute lymphocytic leukemia, 12 had acute myelogenous leukemia, and 12 had chronic myelogenous leukemia. 2) There were a total of 99 febrile episodes. Thirtyseven episodes (37. 4%) were during the early post-bone marrow transplantation before engraftment (<3-4 wks), 22 episodes (22.2%) during after-engraitment period (<100 days), 29 episodes (29.3%) during the late post-transplantation period, and 11 episodes (11.1%) during the pre-transplantation period. 3) Frequent sites of infection were in the lung (24 episodes, 42.7%), in the blood (10 episodes, 16.9%), and in the skin and soft tissue (7 episdodes, 11.9%) in decreasing order of the total documented infection, and 30 cases (30.3%) were microbiologically documented infections, while 29 cases (29.3%) were clinically documented infections. 4) The radiologic patterns of lung infiltration revealed the interstitial type to be the most frequent (14 cases, 58.4%). The nodular and the consolidation type of pattern were also present (5 cases, respectively). 5) The causative organisms for microbiologically documented infection were Gram negative organisms in 14 cases (34.1%), Gram positive organisms in 13 cases (31.7%), fungus in 6 cases (14.7%), M. tuberculosis in 2 cases (4.9%), and mixed organisms in 6'cases (14.6%). 6) Out of a total of 1420 cases of surveillence culture, organisms were cultured in 164 of these cases (11.5%), the positive cultures were from the oropharynx with 37 cases (22.8%), the axilla with 32 cases (19.5%), and the groin with 25 cases (15.2%). 7) Deaths in the patient population were due to complications of infection (1 case), graft failure (2 cases), graft rejection (2 cases), relapse of disease (5 cases), renal failure (1 case), and veno-occulsive disease (1 case). Rapid diagnosis, powerful treatment and the prevention of infection after bone marrow transplantation are thought to be able to reduce the number of deaths. In the future, further research and techniques aimed at preventing and treating viral infections need to be estabilished.