학문적 이론의 실용성에 대한 학습자들의 인식 조사 - 촘스키(Chomsky) 이론을 중심으로 -

송효원 한국문화융합학회 2023 문화와 융합 Vol.45 No.2

본 연구는 학문적 이론의 실용성에 대한 대학생 학습자들의 인식 조사를 목적으로 촘스키의 이론의 생성문법을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 생성문법은 영어영문학 전공 중 통사론 교과목의 필수과정이다. 60년이 넘도록 한국에서의 촘스키 이론의 입지는 확고하여 영어교사임용시험의 통사론 영역의 범위이다. 본 연구는 구구조 규칙(phrase structure rules)과 수형도(tree diagrams)의 학습 후 실제 영어 읽기 및 듣기에서의 실용성에 대한 학습자들의 인식을 조사하였다. 부산의 B 대학교 영어학부 교과목 수강생 중 30명의 실험 참여자의 설문 응답을 통해 인식정도의 자료를 수집하고, 토익 듣기시험 기출문제 실험을 통해 영어 능력에서의 영향에 대해서도 조사하였다. 실험 결과에서 학습 후 토익 듣기 시험평균의 차이는 없었으며, 설문 응답에서는 수형도 연습에 대해 기본 문장 구조 이해에서는 학습자들의긍정적 반응이, 반면 토익시험과 같은 실제 활용도 측면이 높은 부분에서는 낮은 평가가 나왔다. 이는학문적 이론의 강점이 이론의 실용성에 대한 학습자의 인식도도 높은 것으로 보인다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 학문적 이론의 강점을 활용하는 학습의 비율을 높일 필요가 있다고 주장한다.

胸部X-線像에서의 肺門 및 旁氣管陰影의 正當幅測定値와 그 診斷的意義에 關하여

宋孝元 우석대학교 의과대학 1967 우석의대잡지 Vol.4 No.1

It is generally well understood that clinicians and radiologists have a great difficulty in determining presence or absence of slight enlargement of the hilus and paratracheal lymph nodes which occur so frequently in primary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma. dr. Rigler(1952) first made observations on the significance of unilateral enlargement of the hilar shadow in the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the lung. He compared his normal values of the hilar diameters obtained from 100 normal adults with the cases of carcinoma of the lung in an attempt to detect early enlargement of the hilus. This study was undertaken to establish normal values of the transverse diameters of the paratracheal and hilar shadows on routine chest X-rays of normal Koreas according to various age groups, and to evaluate how much the data obtained from normal group do contribute to early diagnosis of primary tuberculesis in children and bronchogenic carcinoma. Part Ⅰ. Roentgenographic Measurement of the Hilar and Paratracheal Shadows in Normal Koreans The author made measurement of the transverse diameters of the paratracheal and hilar shadows on the routine postero-anterior chest X-rays of 1.080 normal Koreans, ranging from 2 to 70 years in age. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The transverse diameters of the paratracheal shadows Age group Mean ±S. D. age group Mean ±S. D. 2-3 y 3.31㎝ ±0.372㎝ 4-5 y 3.58㎝ ±0.226㎝ 6-8 y 3.76㎝ ±0.437㎝ 9-11y 4.26㎝ ±435㎝ 12-13 y 4.36㎝ ±47㎝ 14-15y 4.48㎝ ±0.491㎝ 16-17y 4.57㎝ ±0.577㎝ 18-40y 4.66㎝ ±0.449㎝ 41-70y 4.69㎝ ±0.490㎝ 2. The transverse diameters of the right hilar shadows Age group Mean ±S. D. Age group Mean ±S. D. 2-3 y 2.55㎝ ±0.413㎝ 4-5 y 2.90㎝ ±0.230㎝ 6-8 y 2.99㎝ ±0.465㎝ 9-11y 3.58㎝ ±0.393㎝ 12-13y 3.82㎝ ±0.230㎝ 14-15y 4.22㎝ ±0.386㎝ 16-17y 4.40㎝ ±478㎝ 18-40y 4.54㎝ ±0.378㎝ 41-70y 5.01㎝ ±0.435㎝ 3. The transverse diameters of the left hilar shadows Age group Mean ±. D. Age group Mean ±S. D. 2-3 y 3.20㎝ ±0.274㎝ 4-5 y 3.39㎝ ±0.200㎝ 6-8 y 3.51㎝ ±0.300㎝ 6-11y 3.91㎝ ±0.339㎝ 12-13y 4.31㎝ ±0.394㎝ 14-15y 4.97㎝ ±0.558㎝ 16-17y 5.19㎝ ±0.332㎝ 18-40y 5.21㎝ ±0.382㎝ 41-70y 5.35㎝ ±0.460㎝ 4. The sums of the right and left hilar diameters Age group Mean ±S. D. Age group Mean ±S. D. 2-3 y 5.75㎝ ±0.737㎝ 4-5 y 6.27㎝ ±0.350㎝ 6-8 y 6.49㎝ ±0.767㎝ 9-11y 7.49㎝ ±.0.732㎝ 12-13y 8.13㎝ ±0.619㎝ 14-15y 9.19㎝ ±0.976㎝ 16-17y 9.45㎝ ±0.976㎝ 18-40y 9.50㎝ ±0.759㎝ 41-70y 9.89㎝ ±0.840㎝ 5. The transverse diameter of the left hilus was larger than that of the right hilus in 93.4%. The difference between the right and left hilar diameters was 1 cm or less in 84.5% and 0.1 cm to 0.8 cm in 66% of all age groups. In 6.6% there was no difference between both hilar diameters. 6. The diameters of both partracheal and hilar shadows tended to increases progressively as the age of the individuals advanced. Part Ⅱ. The Roentgenographic Study on the Hilar and Paratracheal Shadows in Cases of Primary Tuberculosis in Children A comparative study was done on the observations in 120 normal children of 4-5 age group with 75 cases of early primary tuberculosis of the same age, and statistically significant differences between these two groups were found. In brief the results can be summerized as follows: 1. If the transverse diameter of the paratracheal shadow exceeds 4.0 ㎝, there is about 90% change that the paratracheal shadow is larged and there is a good reason to suspect enlargement of the paratracheal lymph nodes. There is about 50% chance of the paratracheal shadow being abnormal if the diameter exceeds 3.8㎝. 2. If the sum of the right and left hilar diameters exceeds 6.7㎝, there is about 50% change of hilum being enlarged, and there is about 90% chance that the hilus is enlarged if the diameter exceeds 6.8㎝. 3. It appears that measurements of the paratracheal and hilar shadows are of valuable aid in recognizing early enlargement of the hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes in approximately 50% of the patients with primary tuberculosis in childhood. Part Ⅲ. The Roentgenographic Study on the Hilar and Paratracheal shadows in Cases of Bronch ogenic Carcinoma The data obtained from 120 normal adults (41-70 years) was compared with the measurements in 53 cases of proven early bronchogenic carcinoma, and statistically significant differences between these two groups were found. In summary it may be concluded as follows: 1. If the transverse diameter of the paratracheal shadow is under 4.7㎝, there is little chance of the upper mediastinal shadow being enlarged. If the diameter exceeds 5.3㎝, there is about 50% change of the subject being abnormal, and there is 90% change that the paratracheal shadow is enlarged if the diameter exceeds 5.6㎝. 2. It the transverse diameter of the left hilar shadow exceeds 5.9㎝, there is about 80% change of the hilum being enlarged, and there is about 90% change of the subject being abnormal if the diameter exceeds 6.3㎝. On the other hand there is about 60% chance that the hilus is enlarged if the transverse diameter of the right hilar shadow exceeds 6.2㎝, and 90% chance of hilar enlargement can be predicted if the diameter exceeds 6.5㎝. 3. If the total transverse diameter of the right and left hilar shadows in under 10.5㎝, there is little chance that th hilus is enlarged. If the diameter exceeds 11.3㎝, there is about 55% chance that either or both hili are enalrged, and there is about 90% chance of being abnormal if the diameter exceeds 11.8㎝. It appears that measurement of the hilar shadows is of significant value in detecting hilar enlargement in the case of early bronchogenic carcinoma.

십전대보탕(十全大補湯)의 활용(活用)에 대(對)한 문헌적(文獻的) 고찰(考察)

송효원,Song Hyo-Won 대한한의학방제학회 1996 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.4 No.1

Discussion about Word Formation Processes of English and Korean

송효원 새한영어영문학회 2019 새한영어영문학 Vol.61 No.4

This paper deals with word formation processes in English and Korean, and also introduces a new word formation type found uniquely in Korean. In the morphological research, word formation processes have been relatively settled down, so crosslinguistic investigation is the main topic, comparing the productivity of the word formation processes in various languages. The new trend is based on reanalyzing written forms (writing systems), and this paper argues that the reanalysis must be considered as a new word formation process. The emergence of graphic reanalysis termed in this study can be explained through the features of the Korean writing system (the syllable block system) and the frequent use of digital symbols like emoticons as a medium stage toward graphic reanalysis.

청년이 있는 청년기본법이 필요해요

송효원 한국비정규노동센터 2018 비정규 노동 Vol.132 No.-

환혼산(還魂散)이 실험적(實驗的)으로 유발(誘發)한 종양(腫瘍)에 미치는 영향(影響)

송효원,류도곤,조동기,엄상섭,강성도,고정수,성은경,윤용갑,조남수,이춘우,강순수,Song, Hyo-Won,Ryu, Do-Gon,Cho, Dong-Ki,Um, Sang-Sub,Kang, Sung-Do,Go, Jeoin-Soo,Sung, Yeun-Kyung,Yun, Young-Gap,Cho, Nam-Su,Lee, Chun-Woo,Kang, Soon-Soo 대한동의생리학회 1999 동의생리학회지 Vol.14 No.2

Hwanhonsan has been used for curing tumor as a Oriental medicine without any experimental evidence to support the rational basis for their clinical use. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the possible therapeutic or antitumoral effects of Hwanhonsan extract against cancer, and to study some mechanisms responsible for its effect. Some kind of tumors were induced by the typical application of 3-methylcholanthrene(MCA) or by the implantation of malignant tumor cells such as leukemia cells(3LL cells) or sarcoma cells(S180 cells) and FasII cells. Treatment of the Hwanhonsan extract(daily 1 mg/mouse, i.p.) was continued for 7 days prior to tumor induction and after that the treatment was lasted for 20 hrs. Against squamous cell carcinoma induced by MCA, Hwanhonsan decreased. not only the frequency of tumor production but also the number and weight of tumors per tumor bearing mice(TBM). Hwanhonsan also significantly suppressed the development of 3LL cells and S180 cells implanted tumors by frequency and their size, and some developed tumors were regressed by the continuous treatment of Hwanhonsan extract into TBM. However, when tumor was induced by FsaII cells implantation, the growth of implanted cells in mice was delayed by the water extract of Hwanhonsan until 7 days and then rapid growth ensued. In vitro treatment of Hwanhonsan extract had no inhibitory effect on the tumor induced by some kind of cell lines such as A431 cells strain but it significantly inhibited the proliferation of 3LL cells, S180 cells. These results suggested that Hwanhonsan extract exhibited a significant prophylactic benefits against tumors and its antitumor activity was manifested depending on the type of tumor cells.

胸部X-線像에서의 肺門 및 旁氣管陰影의 正當幅測定値와 그 診斷的意義에 關하여

宋孝元 우석대학교 의과대학 1967 우석의대잡지 Vol.4 No.1

고객들의 다양한 요구와 함께 디지털 인화 서비스의 질적 양적 성장 기대 - 2005년 디지털 이미징 시장 전망

송효원 한국광학기기산업협회 2005 光學世界 Vol.95 No.-

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

宋孝源,金靜惠,柳浩濬,張基完,崔平和 中央醫學社 1965 中央醫學 Vol.8 No.1

The etiology of this anomaly is unknown, however, chief features of this condition are anomalous developments of clavicles and cranial bones due to disturbance in ossification of membranous bones. Many reporters have divided this anomaly into two types: those with a familial and hereditary history and those without. Probably more of the cases come under the head of those giving no familial or hereditary history. And anomalous development of one or both clavicles is the really characteristic defect. Therefore, Fitchet believed the term "hereditary cleidocranial dysostosis" should be discontinued and "congenital cleidal dysostosis" substituted instead. Authors have observed 3 patients with typical anomalies of cleidocranial dysostosis occurring in one family. Regarding family history, eight members Ln four generations were known to have defects in the clavicles. Case Ⅰ and Ⅱ: Daughters of case Ⅲ, aged 2 years and 9 months and 7 years each. Height, weight and mental development were considered normal for their age. The heads looked relatively large. X-ray examination of the skull, chest and pelvis revealed defects in the skull bones and clavicles, widening of the sutures and symphysis pubis. Situs inversus was noted in case Ⅰ. Case Ⅲ: Thirty-seven-year old male, 157cm in height, had normal mentality. On physical examination, brachycephaly and upward angulation of the clavicles were seen. Bony defects in the central portion of the frontal bone, parietal bosses, delay in closure of the sutures, anomalous dentition, persistent metopic suture and partial defects in the clavicles were identified on skull and chest x-rays.

香砂平胃散 및 加減方이 白鼠의 摘出腸管運動에 미치는 影響

宋孝元,柳道坤,韓宗鉉,康舜洙 圓光大學校 韓醫學硏究所 1992 원광한의학 Vol.2 No.1

Subtracting from component drugs by nine cases in Hyangsapyengwisan(香砂平胃散), its prescription and investigated the effect on contractile force of intestine in rats. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The effect of relaxation after contraction of rat ileum could be observed by administration of Hyangsapyengwisan. 2. By pretreatment with Atropine, the contractility of Hyangsapyengwisan was suppressed. 3. No change observed in contractile response of Hyangsapyengwisan by pretreatment with Cyproheptadine. 4. By pretreatment with Propranolol, the relaxation of Hyangsapyengwisan was suppressed. 5. The effect of relaxation after contraction of Hyangsapyengwisan was similar to that of Atractylodis Rhizoma. 6. The contractile response observed in subtracted Cyperi Rhizoma and Magnoliae Cortex from Hyangsapyengwisan, while growps in subtracted Atractylodis Rhizoma, Aurantii Nobilis Pericarpium Cyperi Rhizoma, Ponciri Fructus, Agatsachis Herba, Cyperi Rhizoma and Ponciri Fructus, Ponciri Fructus and Magnoliac Cortex from Hyangsapyengwisan showed the relaxation. These results suggest that Hyangsapyengwisan has a contractile effect which may be caused by the partial action of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.