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서정복 한국세계문화사학회 2003 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.8 No.-
Napoleon established under the name of Imperial University educational organization for public teaching by announcing a decree on March 17, 1808. He named the organization Academies that consisted of faculties, secondary schools, primary schools, etc. in the whole Empire. This paper explores institutional characteristics of five faculties: Letters, Sciences, Theologies, Laws, and Medicines in Imperial University. This paper consists of five chapters titled Introduction, The Educational Conditions and the Institutional characteristics of the Faculties, The Academic Degrees and the Qualifications of a Professor, The Functions of Deans and Professors, The Organization and Administration of School Affairs and Financial Affairs, and Conclusion. Starting with Introduction, this paper explores in Chapter Ⅱ the organization of the faculties in each district and offers various investigations on professors, students, and lectures. Chapter Ⅲ explores academic degrees--especially baccalaureat (such as baccalaureat es arts et baccalaureat es sciences ), bachelor, and doctor. Chapter Ⅳ explains the functions and responsibilities of Deans and professors. Chapter Ⅴ presents a research on the duties and regulations of the Conseil academique, income-producing properties, the overhead, and the endowment.
나폴레옹 전투력의 근원은 어디에 있었을까? -제국시대를 중심으로-
서정복 한국세계문화사학회 2009 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.0 No.21
Napoléon grew up around war. He established his own empire after he occupied imperial post in 1804 based on war victories. He fought in 15 wars over a period of ten years against England, Austria, Spain, and Russia, which outnumbered even Alexander and Caesar. Once, Napoléon's army had to fight the Alliance Amy for France's fate. In 1805 Napoléon expanded the military from 300,000 troops to 1,000,000. Through wars, he built his own empire from 44,000,000 soldiers to 30,000,000 soldiers. His empire controlled 82,000,000 soldiers which was twice as big as France and Napoléon became a historic figure such as Alexander and Caesar by conquering the whole European area except England and furthermore by attacking Russia. In order to fight England, he built up combat power by establishing the Grande Armée, which was operated as the special combat army, and the New Guard. In terms of military strategy, he never used the same strategy twice, which made the opponents unable to figure out his strategy and eventually led to victory. Napoléon was good at information warfare and conducted efficient combat by doubling his combat power through the use of guerrilla units. Napoléon formed a close relationship and a sense of unity with his soldiers. He had humble meals like the ranks and wore the uniform of a regimental commander of the Guard. During combat, he called individual soldiers by name and ordered, "Charge” or “Fire” to boost soldiers' morale. Napoléon did not accomplish his dream, which was to conquer England. And his last battle at Waterloo in 1815 did not simply mean Wellington's victory, but it meant England’s domination of France by leading the Industrial Revolution and becoming the world’s most powerful economic country.
서정복 한국세계문화사학회 2005 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.12 No.-
L Universite de Paris comprenait quarante-cinq colleges, mais College de Sorbonne n en faisait pas parie. En 1257, Robert de Sorbon(1201-1274) fonde le College de Sorbonne avec le soutien de Saint-Louis. A cette epoque, les livres, encore fort rares et chers, etaient hors de la portee des etudiants. Puis, en 1259, le College de la Sorbonne a pris la direction des quatorze colleges de Paris. Il est tres developpe grace au soutien de Richelieu, qui en devint hospes et socius il la fin de l annee 1607 et eut bientot le titre de proviseur. Le College de la Sorbonne a change de son systeme entre en 1577 et 1625. Depuis dix-septieme siecle, il a ete tenu de la faculte de la theologie de l Universite de Paris. A partir de cette epoque, on l a appele comme La Sorbonne. Richelieu, tout comme son successeur Mazarin, a constitue une bibliotheque dmirable. Il entreprit egalement, des le 18 mars 1627, de faire reconstruire les batiments du college reconstruire entierment a ses frais. La Bibliotheque, quant li elle, qui n etait li l origine pas plus grande que plus que les autres, s est developpee grace aux dons de nombreux donateurs qui permirent de costituer un fond important. Des 1321, un reglement sommaire compose de treize articles, a ete redige et est entre en vigueur pour la bibliotheque. Il sera revise plusieurs fois en 1426, 1483, et 1676. En 1794, les trente-cinq mille livres de la biblitheque etaient presque tpos religieux. La Bibliotheque n offrait pas de bonnes conditions d etude pour les etudiants, et etait insuffisante pour les professeurs jusqu a l epoque de Napoleon.