외국 소재의 전자적 증거 수집 방식과 증거능력 부여 방안에 관한 연구

서원익 한국형사소송법학회 2024 형사소송 이론과 실무 Vol.16 No.1

우리 수사기관이 외국에 소재하는 전자적 증거를 취득하기 위한 수단으로 국제형사사법공조법에 근거한 사법공조와 인터폴 공조가 있고 일부 수사에서는 적법하게 취득한 이용자 계정 정보를 이용하여 해외 서버에 접속한 다음 디지털 증거를 압수하는 방식도 활용된다. 우리나라는 가입하고 있지 않지만, 이미 국제사회에서는 중앙당국 간의 공조로 각 관할국가에 소재하는 ISP를 대상으로 디지털 정보에 대한 신속한 보존, 제공, 제출명령이 가능한 사이버범죄조약이 시행되고 있고, 직접 외국 관할의 ISP에 대해서도 명령이 가능한 방향으로 개선되고 있으며, CLOUD Act에 근거한 행정협정, 유럽 전자규칙안에서도 이와 같은 절차가 가능한 내용을 반영하고 있다. 더 나아가, 미국의 ISP는 법률과 자체 매뉴얼에 근거하여 요건을 갖추어 전자적 증거를 요청하는 외국의 수사기관에 대해서도 디지털 정보를 임의적으로 제공하고 있다. 이러한 수단을 활용하여 수집된 외국의 전자적 증거는 각 국가들간에 상이한 절차법으로 인해 피요청국가의 수집절차가 요청국가의 국내법에 위반될 소지가 있다. 그러한 경우, 그 위반의 내용이나 정도가 적법절차의 실질적 내용을 침해하였는지 여부, 증거를 배제하는 것이 형사사법 정의를 실현하기 위한 헌법의 이념과 형사소송법상의 절차에 부합되는지를 기준으로 개별적으로 판단하면 될 것이나, 단순한 절차 위반만으로 증거능력을 부정하는 것은 국제사회에서의 사법기관들간에 신뢰나 상호주의 원칙상 합리적이지 않다. 한편, 비진술적 디지털 증거는 내용의 진실성이 아닌 그와 같은 내용의 문자정보의 존재 자체가 직접 증거로 되는 것이므로, 증거물로 보아 전문법칙이 적용되지 않는 것으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 진술적 디지털 증거라 할지라도, 업무상 기록 등에 해당하는 것으로 보거나 특신상태에 대해서도 외국의 기관 등으로부터 향후 진정성 등에 대한 확인·검증이 가능한 점 등을 고려한다면, 국내에서 수집된 증거보다 완화된 증명으로 충분하도록 법해석하는 것이 합리적이다. 종국적으로는 공조나 수사협조에 의해 외국에서 수집된 전자적 증거에 대해서라도 별도의 증거능력 인정에 관한 예외규정을 두는 것이 필요할 것으로 보인다. In order for investigative agencies to acquire electronic evidence located in a foreign country, mutual legal assistance based on the International Criminal Justice Mutual Aid Act and Interpol Collaboration are used. In some investigations, legally obtained user account information is used to access overseas servers. The international community has already implemented the European Convention on Cybercrimey, which enables prompt preservation, provision, and submission of digital information for ISPs located in each jurisdiction through cooperation between the central authorities, so orders are also issued to ISPs under direct foreign jurisdiction. The system is being improved in such a way that this way is possible, and the same procedure is reflected in the administrative agreement based on the CLOUD Act and the European Electronic Evidence Regulation. However, Korea has not signed such a treaty or agreement. For foreign electronic evidence collected using these means, there is a possibility that the collection procedure of the requested country may violate the domestic law of the requesting country due to the different procedural laws between each country. In such a case, whether the content or degree of the violation violated the actual content of due process and whether the exclusion of evidence is in accordance with the constitutional idea and the criminal procedure law procedure for the realization of criminal justice can be judged individually. However, it is not reasonable to deny the admissibility of evidence based on a simple violation of the procedure on the basis of trust or reciprocity among judicial institutions in the international community. On the other hand, non-statement digital evidence is not the truth of the content, but the existence of textual information of the same content itself as evidence. Therefore, it is reasonable to regard such evidence as evidence and not to apply the hearsay rule. Even declarative digital evidence can correspond to business records, and it is possible to confirm and verify the circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness from foreign institutions in the future. In the end, even for electronic evidence collected in foreign countries through cooperation or cooperation in investigations, it seems necessary to establish a separate exception to the recognition of Probative Force.

임의제출과 유사한 사례에서의 위법수집증거 판단기준 검토 - 대법원 2014. 2. 27. 선고 2013도12155 판결 -

서원익 법조협회 2020 法曹 Vol.69 No.5

The recent Supreme Court sentence was judged to be legitimate as the confiscation of items arbitrarily submitted by the arrestee, even in cases where the arrest of a current criminal or an emergency arrest, etc., or the superior situation of the investigative agency were premised. And, if the submitted object is a mobile phone, the photo printed from the mobile phone is regarded as evidence obtained through a legal procedure. This judgment was regarded as evidence of illegal collection, as the electronic information obtained through the seizure and search warrant was not related to the allegations in the warrant. Nevertheless, for new evidence acquired using the electronic information as a clue, different judgments were made depending on the situation in which the electronic information was presented. By differentiating the judgment of the illegality of the secondary evidence obtained by presenting the printout and the secondary evidence obtained without presenting it, the evidence ability was recognized only for the latter secondary evidence. However, after the seizure of the storage media, if the confiscated person organizes the restored data and submits it to an investigative agency, and if randomness is recognized in such a process, it should be considered similar to the effect of the seizure as a voluntary submission. In addition, even if the evidence is collected regardless of the allegations stated in the warrant, for the results of the relationship investigation based on the evidence and the materials to be submitted voluntarily, It is the realization of criminal justice to see the causal link between the violation of legal proceedings and the collection of secondary evidence diluted or broken. 최근 대법원은 현행범 체포나 긴급체포 등 긴급하거나 수사기관의 우월적 상황이 전제되는 경우임에도 피체포자가 임의로 제출한 물건에 대해서는 임의제출물에 의한 압수로서 적법하다고 선고하였다. 또한 임의제출된 물건이 핸드폰일 경우 핸드폰에서 출력한 사진도 적법한 절차에 의해 취득한 증거로 판시하고 있다. 대상 판결은 압수수색영장을 통해 취득한 전자정보가 영장에 기재된 혐의와 무관하다고 보아 위법수집증거로 보면서도, 그 전자정보를 단서로 하여 취득한 새로운 증거에 대해서는 전자정보 출력물 제시 상황에 따라 다른 판단을 하였다. 수사기관이 출력물을 제시하여 취득한 2차 증거와 제시하지 않고 취득한 2차 증거에 대한 위법성 판단을 달리 하여 후자의 2차 증거에 대해서만 증거능력을 인정한 것이다. 그러나, 저장매체물의 압수 후, 피압수자가 복원된 자료를 정리하여 수사기관에 제출하고, 그러한 과정에 임의성이 인정된다면 임의제출물로서 압수의 효력과 유사하다고 보아야 할 것이다.

의료인과 비의료인의 발기부전 치료제 비아그라의 인식에 대한 실태조사

서원익,강필문,민권식,김학민,엄재두,전지연 대한남성과학회 2009 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.27 No.2

Purpose: Sildenafil citrate(ViagraⓇ), a PDE-5 inhibitor in the corpus carvenosum to facilitate penile erection has improved impaired erectile responses in men and has been accepted as a primary treatment of erectile dysfunction. However, complications occurred by Viagra have increased due to its overuse and misuse. Therefore, we have performed a survey to compare physicians and general population in Busan, Korea to assess their understanding of Viagra. Methods and Materials: In 2007, printed surveys were mailed to randomly sampled candidates of 197 primary physicians and 696 individuals from general population, 327 medical students in Busan were surveyed by door-to-door visits. We assessed opinions associated with Viagra eliciting their understanding about its safety, direction, and complications. Data were analyzed using SPSS and were identified by crosstabulation analysis using Ki-square test. Results: Of 1,265 eligible responses, several differences were found between the 3 groups. Compared to general population, the others were more likely to understand the efficacy, directions, and complications of Viagra. Physicians and medical students(43.1% and 39.0%) gave more preference than general population(26.1%) to using Viagra. There were differences in understanding of Viagra with changes of education level. However, it showed no significant differences about idea of illegal Viagra and combination usage with nitrates. Conclusion: The number of patients using Viagra is increasing but their understanding about Viagra is still poor. Moreover, general populations understand Viagra as 'assistant' for erection poorly. Even some medical students understand more than physicians. The ideas of complications would likely affect to negative thinking about usage for Viagra. Therefore more active and continuous educations for proper use of Viagra are suggested for medical efficacy and less complications.

17세기 초 中國 東南 沿海 지역의 해상 패권 추이 ― 武裝商人 李魁奇의 활동 ―

서원익 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.59

In the 17th century, China's southeast coastal region was a location with diverse and complicated power, including Ming government troops, merchant-pirate and foreign merchants. The Zheng family, represented by Zheng Zhilong (鄭芝龍), has always reigned as the ruler of this place. Li Kuiqi (李魁奇), who became a pirate from a fisherman, has grown into a force that can stand against Zheng Zhilong and VOC. He also cooperated with other pirates. He used to work with Zheng and was independent on his own afterwards. However, his independent leadership did not last as long as he expected. However, Li still made a historical significance is that he put Zheng Zhilong in danger. He also tried to establish a new order in the Fujian coastal region by helping VOC trade and negotiate with Ming Dynasty. Li Kuiqi tried to compete with Zheng Zhilong by actively utilizing the VOC forces. However, the Fujian Government never allowed VOC to land and trade in China. Negotiations between Li Kuiqi and VOC had difficulties, and bilateral relations also faced a crisis. This made Zheng Zhilong regain the initiative in negotiations with VOC and alliance with VOC to attack Li Kuiqi. In the end, Li Kuiqi failed to fight with the combined fleet and his forces collapsed. This paper examines the formation process of Li Kuiqi’s merchant-pirate, which presents those important events occurred at the coastal area of Fujian in the early 17th century. This study demonstrates how the power shifted in the Fujian coastal region, how Zheng Zhilong became a major power, and why VOC could not trade directly with China.

Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) Preoperative Score Versus Postoperative Score (CAPRA-S): Ability to Predict Cancer Progression and Decision-Making Regarding Adjuvant Therapy after Radical Prostatectomy

서원익,강필문,강동일,윤장호,김완석,정재일 대한의학회 2014 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.29 No.9

The University of California, San Francisco, announced in 2011 Cancer of the Prostate RiskAssessment Postsurgical (CAPRA-S) score which included pathologic data, but there wereno results for comparing preoperative predictors with the CAPRA-S score. We evaluatedthe validation of the CAPRA-S score in our institution and compare the result with thepreoperative progression predictor, CAPRA score. Data of 130 patients were reviewed whounderwent radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer from 2008 to 2013. Performance of CAPRA-S score in predicting progression free probabilities was assessedthrough Kaplan Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression test. Additionally,prediction probability was compared with preoperative CAPRA score by logistic regressionanalysis. Comparing CAPRA score, the CAPRA-S score showed improved prediction abilityfor 5 yr progression free survival (concordance index 0.80, P = 0.04). After risk groupstratification, 3 group model of CAPRA-S was superior than 3 group model of CAPRA for3-yr progression free survival and 5-yr progression free survival (concordance index 0.74vs. 0.70, 0.77 vs. 0.71, P < 0.001). Finally the CAPRA-S score was the more ideal predictorconcerned with adjuvant therapy than the CAPRA score through decision curve analysis. The CPARA-S score is a useful predictor for disease progression after radical prostatectomy.

[기획논문] 19세기 중반 이후 대만어 백화자(Tâi-gí Pe̍h-ōe-jī, 台語白話字) 운동의 전개 양상 -대만 인식의 변화와 ‘대만의식’의 형성-

서원익 열상고전연구회 2023 열상고전연구 Vol.80 No.-

언어는 의사소통 기능 이외에도 “민족”이라는 공동체를 형성하는 데 큰 역할을 한다. 대중은 특정 언어로 쓰인 기록물을 보면서 자신들이 어떠한 역사를 가졌고, 또 어떠한 기억을 공유하는지 알게 된다. 현재 대만의 공식 언어는 중국어지만 대만어도 많이 사용한다. 그러나 대만어는 통일된 글쓰기 언어가 없다. 대만어 표기법 중 하나인 대만어 백화자(Tâi-gí Pe̍h-ōe-jī, 台語白話字)는 19세기 대만 내 기독교 선교가 시작되면서 생겨난 문자 표기법이다. 대만어 백화자는 대만어를 로마자로 표기하는 것으로 초창기에는 교회 내부에서만 유통되었다. 대만 내에서 일본 식민 지배를 거치며 이른바 ‘대만의식’이 형성되었다. 대만인들은 대만이 일본과 구별되는 독립된 존재라고 인식하기 시작하였다. 1920년대 신문화운동을 통해 대중에게 지식을 보급하고 나아가 문화, 사회 전반을 고치고자 하였다. 신문화운동의 핵심의제 중 하나는 문학 개혁이었고, 문학 개혁의 핵심은 글말과 입말을 통일하는 것이었다. 대만어 백화자도 새로운 글쓰기 언어의 대안 중 하나였지만, 지식인과 대중들의 최종 선택을 받지는 못하였다. 당시 대만은 스스로를 일본과는 구별 지었지만, 중국과는 관련짓고 있었기 때문에, 로마자 표기법을 쉽게 받아들이지 못하였다. 게다가 대만총독부 당국이 대만어 사용을 제한하면서 대만어 백화자 운동 역시 좌절을 맞게 되었다. 그렇지만 일부 민간단체에서는 여전히 대만어 백화자를 보급하고 교육하였다. 전후 대만은 중화민국이라는 새로운 정부를 맞이하게 되었다. 중화민국 정부가 중국어를 공식 언어로 지정하면서, 대만인 다수가 사용하는 대만어는 여전히 비공식 언어이자 하위 언어의 지위를 유지하게 된다. 중화민국 정부가 점차 중국어 사용을 강제하고 대만어 사용을 제한하자, 대만어 백화자로 출판되던 여러 출간물 역시 중국어를 사용하여 출간하지 않을 수 없었다. 계엄 해제 이후 전개된 모어 사용 운동을 통해 대만어 백화자는 다시 주목받기 시작하였다. 현재 대만어 백화자 운동은 상당히 정치적이다. 운동에 참여한 대부분은 대만 독립을 지지하고 있으며 대만의 공식 언어는 대만어로, 공식 표기법은 대만어 백화자로 할 것을 주장한다. 대만에 존재하는 모든 중국적인 요소를 지우고자 하는 이들의 운동을 모두가 받아들일 수는 없다. 19세기부터 형성된 ‘대만의식’은 다양한 형태로 나타난다. 그렇지만 대만의 다양한 족군들이 모두 이해할만한 대만과 대만인에 대한 정의가 내려지지 않는 이상, 통일된 ‘대만의식’이 등장하기는 어려울 것이다.

Symptoms of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Cystitis in Bladder Cancer Patients according to Tuberculosis Sequelae by Chest Radiography

서원익,강필문,윤장호,최석진,김완석 대한요로생식기감염학회 2017 Urogenital Tract Infection Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been administered to most infants at birth in Korea; however, tuberculosis (TB) remains extant. TB can leave sequelae on chest radiography according to the immune response of the host. We investigated the symptoms of cystitis after intravesica instillations in bladder cancer, depending on the TB sequelae on chest radiography.Materials and Methods: One hundred forty-two patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) underwent transurethral resection and intravesical BCG therapy for bladder cancer. Patients received a BCG induction course―with or without a maintenance course―and were divided into the two groups: Group A, which included patients with visible sequelae of TB on chest radiography (n=31) and group B, which included patients without visible sequelae of TB (n=111). Cystitis symptoms of BCG intravesical therapy were compared between the two groups. The recurrence and progression rates of bladder cancer were also analyzed.Results: The overall rate of cystitis symptoms was 32.3% (10/31) in group A and 33.3% (37/111) in group B. One patient in group A and three in group B did not complete the treatment course due to severe cystitis symptoms (p=0.876). Pyuria was reported when cystitis symptoms occurred in 80% (8/10) in group A and 56.8% (21/37) in group B. The recurrence and progression rates were not different between the two groups.Conclusions: Our results show that there was no significant difference of cystitis symptoms in accordance with the presence of TB sequelae in chest radiography when BCG instravesical therapy for NMIBC was performed.

Predictive Value of the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment Score for Recurrence-Free Survival After Radical Prostatectomy in Korea: A Single-Surgeon Series

서원익,강필문,정재일 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.5

Purpose: To evaluate the validity of the cancer of the prostate risk assessment (CAPRA) score, a newly developed nomogram for preoperative prediction of recurrence after radical prostatectomy, in a single institution in Korea. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 115 men who had undergone radical prostatectomy as the first treatment for localized prostate cancer. The validity of the CAPRA score for the prediction of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and pathologic outcome was evaluated by using Kaplan–Meier analysis and a proportional hazards regression model. A seven-group model and a three-group model were used for the results. Results: None of the variables of the CAPRA score was favorable compared with the previously reported data. The three-group model was significantly related with 3- and 5-year RFS (p<0.05), but the seven-group model was not. The concordance indices of the CAPRA score were 0.74 and 0.77. Of four components excluding the clinical T stage, three independently predicted RFS (age, Gleason sum, and percentage of positive biopsies). The CAPRA score was significantly related to the margin status, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion in both the seven- and three-group models. In the three-group model, pathologic outcomes were more strongly related, especially a higher risk of seminal vesicle invasion. Conclusions: The CAPRA score showed high accuracy for predicting RFS. In particular, the three-group model was more useful for predicting RFS and pathologic outcomes. Therefore, the CAPRA score may be a useful prediction model for risk stratification and may help clinicians to develop localized prostate cancer treatment.

Primary Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer in Koreans: A Retrospective Multicenter Study

서원익,강필문,김태효,문경현,정재민,이동현,Isaac Yi Kim,민권식,정재일,김완석,강동일 대한남성과학회 2014 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.32 No.3

Purpose: To evaluate the characteristics of patients who received primary androgen deprivation therapy (PADT) for prostate cancer and the clinical efficacy of this treatment. Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty patients treated by PADT were reviewed. These patients could not receive definitive therapy owing to old age, patient need, and medical comorbidity. The patients were divided into three groups according to the extent of prostate cancer: localized, locally advanced, and metastatic. Then, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression in these groups was analyzed. Results: The median age of the patients was 73.0 years, and the median pretreatment PSA level was 47.0 ng/mL. Of the patients, 91.7% were treated with combined androgen blockade, and 8.3% were treated with monotherapy. Clinical factors for PSA progression were a PSA nadir and a high clinical stage. Estimated PSA recurrence-free median survival time in each group was 57, 24, and 12 months, respectively. A PSA nadir of >0.2 ng/mL and metastatic stage were independent factors for expecting a poor response to PADT (hazard ratio 4.26, p<0.001; and 2.60, p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer who did not receive definitive therapy had lower PSA progression rates than those at metastatic stage during PADT. Further, a PSA nadir of ≤0.2 ng/mL showed better progression-free survival. Therefore, PADT can be another therapeutic option in well-selected patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer and PSA change should be checked carefully.

전립선 생검에서 Vienna Nomogram의 유용성

서원익,최성협,정재일 대한비뇨의학회 2009 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.50 No.12

Purpose: No standard number of cores is obtained with a prostate needle biopsy. Routinely, we obtain 10 core biopsies but do not consider prostate volume or patient age. Consequently, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of prostate biopsy when taking into account prostate volume and patient age by use of the Vienna nomogram to suggest the proper number of cores. Materials and Methods: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate needle biopsies were performed in 326 patients between November 2006 and June 2009. Group A (10 cores biopsy) was 131 patients. Group B (biopsy using Vienna nomogram) was 134 patients. We compared the cancer detection rate between the two groups, especially according to age and prostate volume. The chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The overall cancer detection rates in groups A and B were 33.6% and 32.1%, respectively. In older patients (age≥60 years), group B had a higher detection rate than did group A (37.0% vs. 35.6%). For patients with a small prostate (<30 g), group B had a significantly higher detection rate than did group A (62.1% vs. 30.4%, p=0.023). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the overall cancer detection rate. However, in patients with a small prostate and in older patients, the Vienna nomogram was more effective than a 10-core biopsy. The Vienna nomogram could help to establish guidelines for prostate biopsy in Korea that take into account the prostate volume and the age of the patient. It could also help urologists to reduce unnecessary cores when diagnosing prostate cancer in the elderly population and in those with small prostates. Purpose: No standard number of cores is obtained with a prostate needle biopsy. Routinely, we obtain 10 core biopsies but do not consider prostate volume or patient age. Consequently, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of prostate biopsy when taking into account prostate volume and patient age by use of the Vienna nomogram to suggest the proper number of cores. Materials and Methods: Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided prostate needle biopsies were performed in 326 patients between November 2006 and June 2009. Group A (10 cores biopsy) was 131 patients. Group B (biopsy using Vienna nomogram) was 134 patients. We compared the cancer detection rate between the two groups, especially according to age and prostate volume. The chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The overall cancer detection rates in groups A and B were 33.6% and 32.1%, respectively. In older patients (age≥60 years), group B had a higher detection rate than did group A (37.0% vs. 35.6%). For patients with a small prostate (<30 g), group B had a significantly higher detection rate than did group A (62.1% vs. 30.4%, p=0.023). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the overall cancer detection rate. However, in patients with a small prostate and in older patients, the Vienna nomogram was more effective than a 10-core biopsy. The Vienna nomogram could help to establish guidelines for prostate biopsy in Korea that take into account the prostate volume and the age of the patient. It could also help urologists to reduce unnecessary cores when diagnosing prostate cancer in the elderly population and in those with small prostates.