이조후기에 있어서의 환정(還政)(곡(穀)) 의 악폐에 관한 소고

백종기 성균관대학교 인문과학연구소 1979 人文科學 Vol.8 No.1

Der Charakter des $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot;-Wesens (Ein staatlicher Getreideverleihbetrieb, der ein Armenhilfewesen war) in der Lee Dynastie hat sich nach der japanischen $quot;Imjin$quot; Invasion im Jahre 1592 offensichtlich vera¨ndert. Durch die Invasion war das Leben im Lande vo¨llig zersto¨rt: Einerseits waren hungernde Massen auf der Straße u¨berflutet, andererseits litt die o¨ffentliche Hand an dringender Finanznot. Um diese katastrophale Notsituation zu u¨berwinden, hat die Regierung das $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot;-wesen umorganisiert in das auf Erwerb gerichtetes Unternehmen, in dem verschiedenartige $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot; den Bauern mit einem $quot;ein zehntel$quot; Zinssatz verliehen worden waren. Bei dem Betrieb waren die o¨rtigen Beho¨rden zusta¨ndig, die $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot;, die in verschiedenen zentralen oder provinzialen Lagern gelagert waren, nach ermessenem Bedarf ausgeliehen haben. In der Bewirtschaftung dieses Unternehmens pflegten beteiligte Beamten, von dem Gouverneur bis zu untersten o¨rtigen Verwaltungsbeamten, zu korrumpieren. Sie ta¨uschten hungernde Bauern mit allmo¨glichem Mano¨ver und beuteten sie aus. Sie brachten große soziale Unordnung. so daß verlor das $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot;-Wesen nicht nur seine eigentliche Aufgabe, Armen zu unterstu¨tzen, sondern es verwandelte sich in das Wuchergescha¨ft. Es half jedoch den mangelnden o¨ffentlichen Finazen nicht, vielmehr fu¨hrte es das o¨ffentliche Leben irre. Das in einer $quot;o¨ffentlichen Anleihe$quot; umgestaltete $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot; wurde numehr eine $quot;private Anleihe$quot; und galt als $quot;Kap-Li$quot;, das den u¨belsten Wucherzins darstellte. Wegen dieser erbarmungslosen Zinswueherei hat sich das Leben im Lande noch verschlechtert und viele Bauern begingen Selbstomord. Gegen diesen Mißbrauch des $quot;Hwan-Gok$quot;-Wesens rebellierten Bauern vielerorts, unter denen der $quot;Bauernaufruhr von Jinju$quot; besonders hervorzuheben war. Diese Rebellion brachte endlich den Zerfall des feudalistischen Bu¨rokratismus der Lee-Dynastie die Glocken la¨uteten den Tod der Dynastie ein.

Bagasse Pulp를 이용한 백상지 300Ton/Day 설비의 이집트 수출 사례 ( 300Ton/Day of Printing & Writing Paper Plant Export Experience to Egypt Based on Bagasse Pulp )

백종기,김종우,정용섭 한국펄프·종이공학회 1997 펄프종이기술국제세미나 Vol.24 No.-

壬午軍亂 때의 日本의 對韓考察에 關한 政策

白鍾基 成均館大學校 1965 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

Directive cause of outbreak of the Im-ou(午壬)insurrection(insurrection of Korean troops) was in opposition to innovate of military system in the traing Japanese fashioned army for the Korean Soldiers by invitation of Min see(閔氏) Political Power for Japanese officer to do training obsolete Korean Army. But this renovation had been achieved by the request of Japanese aggressive power debouched rapidly in the ffeld of Politics, economy and military since Kang Wha(江華) treaty concluded(Kochong 13 years, 1876). This was Promoted by Japanese minister, Hana Busa Yosi Sizu canvass to Min see regime that Projected to reform of many other interior system of Korea at that times, being due to Japanese innovation. It had permitted Japanese aggressive act into Korea for the reasons of having been no social foundation and leadership to do its reformation in modernize at that time and it was not meant to modernize Korean Society fundamentally without Privileged classes of nobility class system(Yang Ban Jedo) from the begining of Min-see regime. The idiosyncrasy of Japanese policy to Korea before the Im-ou insurrection was to occupy Korea excluding Chinese power from Korea. It was become good chance and pretence for Japane to do expansion their policy to Korea. But Japanese government made a conflict of opinion between civilian party and militarist party in their Korean policy. Civilian party seized their main power to Korea to be invaded by Japane standing for peace policy on the Surface of it and repressed the theory of commence action of militarist Party in an end. This diffrence of opinion was due to get main power and no the other difference of it was in Japanese government in the fundamental policy of invasion to Korea. By doing so, Japan sent their armored fleet to menance Korea and forced to be concluded treaty of Jemul-po(濟物浦). They had achieved their main objection to do it in Korea. In other words, Japan had been received indemnity of ￦ 500,000 remission from Korea and got stationing power of Japanese Army in Korea. The attitude of Japanese government after the Im-ou insurrection was to do positive policy to Korea escaping directive encounter between Japan and China in Korea territory and they had made an effort to do expansion of armaments quickly. In orther words, Japan was developed into every field of interior armament to external expansion fo armament during the Korean confusion against Japan. Japan had begun military training to enforced by the plan of operation with the hypothetical enemy of China. This Korean confusion against Japan bring about Japanese military meanace to Korea in the end and become violent confrontation between Japan and China in Korean soil in conclusion. Korea had tumbled down half colony gradually in the course of invasion of economy and political power of Japan and China in Korea after the Im-ou insurrection. It means the opening act of Japan and China war and signify the the success of Japanese policy to Korea by the continent policy of Japan that had been desired.

역사학도가 취해야 할 기본적인 자세

백종기 수선사학회 1965 史林 Vol.1 No.-

N/A

歷史學徒가 取해야 할 基本的인 姿勢

白鍾基 成均館大學校 史學會 1965 成大史林 Vol.1 No.-

(B) 硏究室에 찾아온 用件이 무엇이지? 學問硏究에 관한 무슨 相議라도 하러왔는가. 보건데 大端히 緊張하고 있는 顔色을 하고 있는데……. (R) 네 오늘은 先生任을 모시고 우리들이 歷史工夫를 하는데 있어 가장 隘路點을 느끼고 있는 當面課題에 關하여 몇 가지 質問하고자 하는데 어떠하신지요. (B) 음 그래, 그런데 R君은 卒業班에 屬한 學生이 아니었던가. 이제 와서 새삼스럽게 그런 問題에 關해서 무슨 相議란 말인가. 그러나 그것에 關한 相議라먼 勿論 應해야지. 그 대신 다음의 授業時間도 있고 해서 長時間은 困難하나 물어 볼 點이 있거든 어서 물어보게.

開化基의 民權思想

白鍾基 경북대학교 평화문제연구소 1978 평화연구 Vol.4 No.-

사대 교린외교의 지정학적 및 역사적 고찰

백종기 성균관대학교 인문과학연구소 1981 人文科學 Vol.10 No.1

Korean peninsula, located in the east of Asian continent, had been called an `International Buffer Zone'. It was almost inevitable that Korea had to keep a formal league with her neighboring countries. This naturally led Korea to the submissive relations with China which had occupied Asian continent for a long time as a superpower. Korea tried to secure the political and cultural interests through economic contact; for instance, by sending such formal emisaries as Jung-Jo-Sa(正朝使), Chun-Chu-Sa(春秋使), Jung-Ha-Sa(正賀使), Dong-Ji-Sa(冬至使) and such an informal emisary as Kyung-Wi-Sa(慶慰使), Korea had maintained not only its national independence and originality but also emported the advanced culture of China. The ancient Korean kings were entitled kingship by the emperors of China, and so they respected China as an `Empire of Son of Heaven' and used the Chinese Chronology. To use today's terminology, Korea was a buffer state of China. Meanwhile, with Japan and Yojin(女眞) which were culturally inferior to and economically dependent upon Korea, she had fraternity policy to keep them from invading and plundering. This double policy was the traditional diplomatic policy of Korea. Submission to China and friendship to the other neighboring countries; this was the realistic and specific policy for Korea geopolitically uneasy. Such a policy naturally brought about a lot of political faults and errors, observed from the point of microscopic detailed view. However, widening our perspective, it would be observed that this policy had greatly contributed to the national interest and historical development of Korea and its survival as well.

甲申政變에 關한 一考察

白鍾基 成均館大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

The coup d'etat which took place on December 4, 21st Year of Kochong(1884) with Kim Ok Kun as the ring leader, is called Kap Shin Upheaval. As to whether or not Japanese Government has been involved directly in this upheaval, major portion of Japanese historical data maintains a negative affirmation as if she has nothing to do with it at 11. (Refer to "Factual Tract of Samei" Written by Inoue Kaoru, and "Afterglow Aver Hansun (Seoul) " written by Inue Kakukoro). However, according to "Daily Record of Kap Shin" written by Kim Ok Kun and "Factual Report on Upheaval", the Korea Government edited document, Japanese Ambassador to Korea, Takesoi Shinichiro, was revealed as the main conspirator of the upheaval. While all these historical data being adopted by almost all the researchers as the basic materials, there emerged, nevertheless, quite a Considerable difference of view in regard to cause of the Upheaval and its historical evaluation. One school attributes the cause Predominantly to domestic factors rather than to those from outside and theorizes that social status at the close of Lee Dynasty was so much in an advanced stage as to cause spontaneous political evolutionary movement such as this upheaval, taking the personnel such as Kim Ok Kun as selfsustaining pioneer in political modernization movement. Other school takes it none other than the struggle for supremacy of dometsic political power, which has been touched off subsequent to "Kang Wha Treaty" and sees the upheaval as the political wrangle between the progressive and the conservative, placing their stress an domestic factional strife. With given historical condition as it was at that time, we prefer to trace the cause of the upheaval to outside rather than to inside of Korea. In other words, two major powers from autside have made their influence reflected on the Dynasty and advanced to form two factions of those who inclied to Japan and those who depended on abroad among upper ruling class of "Yang-ban" and bureaucracy including the palace; the strife between these two factions has far aggravated as to cause the Upheaval. These two major powers have succeeded in making their influence felt throughout Korea, one as the aggressor and other as the spirit of englightenment and civilization to be wrought over Korea. However, spiritual influence of enlightenment brought over from Chinese Chong Dynasty have amounted substantially to nothing, and that from Japan which Kim Ok Kun and others started to follow, seemed to function more in reactionary direction rather than Progressive. Accordingly, we see Kap Shin Upheaval as having been brought out by Kim Ok Kun and his group after being instigated by Japanese aggressors, and Kim Ok Kun and his group of the Enlightenment party have played supplementary role of helping Japanese aggression to Korea as the outcome. Of course, the original subjective aims of Kim Ok Kun and his group at the time of upheaval should have been to make the use of Japanse rather than being made the use of them by Japanese. However, it turned out nothing other than subjective day-dream of Kim Ok Kun and his group, and it has to be pointed out emphastically that they mistook the aggressor as their supporter. In short Kap Shin Upheaval can be called as a riot arised in a scheme to descend to political supremacy in order to bring out a sort of political evolution by those radical elements of Kim Ok Kun and others who, moved under the influence of Japanese civilization, instigated by Japanese aggressors, thought themselves to be able to grasp political power when supported by Japanees "assistance" without being allied directly with power emanating from our Korean people, and lost in failure.

한말의 국권옹호사상과 민족의 자강운동

백종기,조좌호,민병하 성균관대학교 인문과학연구소 1980 人文科學 Vol.9 No.1

The modern history of Korea can not be understood without studying the indigenous philosophies of Protecting Righteousness Repulsing Evil(衛正斥邪), Enlightenment and the philosophy of The Dong Hak (Eastern Learning-東學-) Movement. These are subjects of such import in Korean history that we studied and analyzed their affect on modern Korean history and arrived at the following conclusions. The Yi Dynasty adopted the teachings of Chu Hsi but while attempting to maintain the purity of his teachings proceeded to adapt them to accomodate the Yi Dynasty's purposes. That is to say, The Yi Dynasty externally repulsed any heresy (Repulsing Evil -斥邪-), internally tried to maintain the hierachy of a feudalistic society and sustain its most righteous social mores (Protecting Righteousness -衛正-). The standards for classifying the above mentioned righteousness and evil were based upon the social standing of sovereign and subject, the social standing of the upper and lower classes and the moral obligation of both the Chinese and the Barbarians as reflected in the Chinese national belief of a Chinese world and a Barbarian (non-Chinese) world(華夷名分論). In particular, the Chinese Barbarian moral obligation was based upon a view of the world which separated into .Chinese; and Barbarian. When a Barbarian country invaded China it was considered a moral duty to reflect a philosophy of respect for China and repulse the barbarians. The China refered to here was not to a territorial China but rather indicates Korea as the orthodox successor of Chinese philosophy after the Ming dynasty was destroyed and replaced by the Manchu-Ch'ing dynasty. At any rate, the idea of protecting righteousness-repulsing evil had a very conservative-repelling nature and as the times changed this philosophy developed into anti-Catholicism, anti-Europe, anti-Japan, anti-enlightenment and an army of patriotic nationalists. This philosophy completely denied foreign culture, characteristically maintained a feudalistic hierarchy and emphasized moral duty over reality resulting in an obstacle to enlightenment and a lack of efficient means to cope with reality while developing a very strong sense of patriotism and national independence which contributed greatly to forming a philosophy a nationalism. The idea of enlightenment was dominate in the philosophy of Sil Hak (Practical Learning-實學-) particularly in the Northern School of Learning (北學思想) which was in opposition to the more shallow and formal Chu Hsi Learning. The idea of enlightenment was influenced also by the Kong Yang School Philosophy (公羊學派 思想) which emphasized a practical empirical approach to both government and learning in the later Ch'ing dynasty. Futhermore, the leaders of enlightenment in Korea were influenced by their foreign relationships with China and Japan. Within the international political situation dominated by powerful nations which colonized smaller and weaker nations by force of arms the only way for a weak country like Korea to maintain its independence was to institute a plan for enriching the country. The plan involved adopting a positive attitude toward the importation and development of European culture in order to enlighten the Korean people as well as arousing a unified national spirit for patriotism among Koreans. The ideas contended by enlightenment confronted the idea of Protecting righteousness-Repuls-ing evil. This idea and movement can be approached in three different stages of progress. The first stage (1870-74), is the beginning of the enlightenment movement which revolved around the younger Yang-ban faction as leaders. This stage can be divided into two periods, the first (1870-76) involving the independence-enlightenment activiteis of Pak Kyu Soo(朴珪壽) and Oh Kyung Suk(吳慶錫) and the second period(1876-84) during which Pak Young Hyo (朴泳孝) and Kim Ok Kyun (金玉均) were active in independence and democratic reform activities. The second stage (1896-1898) is the period when the Independent Newspaper and Independence Association implanted the idea of enlightenment into the public ,and also through public organization(萬民共同會) requested national rights, the expansion of civil rights and the establishment of a national assembly. This second stage was, in other words, a period of expanded public activities. The third stage (1906-1911) encompassed the period when activities were displayed for restoration of national rights. he strategy employed in these activities was to cultivate national power by educators and when the right time arrived restore national rights in one fell swoop. As mentioned above, this whole movement initiated from the younger ruling faction and spread to a more wide spread public movement and contributed greatly to the modernization of Korea. This movement, however, centered mainly within the larger cities and failed to penetrate the villages. In other words, this movement failed to reach beyond certain limited districts. Dong Hak is the religion which was founded in 1860 by Choi Ch'e U (崔濟愚) to surmount internal and external crisis, to protect the country and relieve the Korean people. Dong Hak believed that all men should be treated as potential immortals, heavenly beings and proposed the appearance of an earthly paradise. The idea of equality was especially popular among the agarian community who were being repressed by a feudalistic social order and Dong Hak spread its influence through the agrarian villages. In 1894 the religion consolidated the farmers demand for anti-nvasionism and anti-feudalism and developed into a wide spread farmer revolt. The revolt, however, was suppressed by both the Korean government and Japanese army. Afterwards the Dong Hak leaders founded the Chon Do Gyo (天道敎) religion and the farmers revolt joined the rebel army which in 1895 lead by the $quot;repulse evil$quot; leaders began its anti-Japanese movement. After 1905 cities in Korea including Seoul expanded their patriotic cultural rebel movement to the agrarian communities. Both groups had the same purpose for national independence but with a basic difference in their way of thinking. They were unable to form a united front. They united at the time of the March 1st Movement.

東學亂 때의 日本의 對韓政策에 關한 史的 考察

白鍾基 성균관대학교 1974 成均館大學校 論文集 Vol.19 No.1