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박장배 한국역사연구회 2005 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.55
This essay is prepared to study the Backgrounds of Koguryo's history research in Chinese Learned World. Many Chenese scholars has regarded Koguryo's history as the part of Chinese History since 1980s. Where did this nontraditional historical view came from? Why did Many Chinese scholars change their historical view? This questions were not simple, but we can investigate the primary factors. Generally speaking, many people understand that Chinese revisionism is the products of the Unified Multinational State concept in People's Republic of China(PRC). Of course, it's a important reason. But, we need to go back to the late Qing and Republican China period and investigate the 'One China' concept. Han-chinese Liangqiqiao and Sunwen designed this imagined community. 'One China' concept has consisted of two main elements, that is, 'Zhonghua minzu' and 'Unified Multinational State'. PRC's 'One China' concept was the historical formative substance. 'Zhonghua minzu' and 'Unified Multinational State' concepts were extended in time and space. The tools of the extensions were the borderland studies and the ethno-national studies. There was 'One China' concept, but Changing mode of Chinese historical recognitions were many cases. After all, Koguryo's history was also incorporate into Chinese history. It resulted in many Koreans questions and protests. So then, why did Chinese scholars bigin the revisions of historical cognitions in 1980s? It was connected with the Economic Reform and Open Door Policy, the weakened socialist ties. And there were Chinese historical experiences in Backgrounds of Chinese revisionism. The important experience is Korean War. The Korean peninsula was the battlefield of the Chinese army. Today's China and Korea hold the ancient Koguryo's territory in common. These points strenthened the concern of Chinese scholars. The China's revisionist historical cognition is a window of understanding comtemporary China.
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朴章培 중국근현대사학회 2004 중국현대사연구 Vol.20 No.-
This essay is prepared to study the history educations and the effects in People's Republic of China(PRC). Chinese state of PRC used the history educations as one of the main systems for nation-building. Chinese school teachers say that patriotism is a permanent subject of the history educations. This common sense has a problem, because the contents of the patriotism is always changed. The history educations of PRC also is changed. In the early period of PRC the main concept of the history educations was the Socialist Revolution. It was just the mean of the national unification. After the open door of PRC, the ‘pluralistic one-body(多元一體)’ conception appered. The focus of the history educations of PRC was transformed from the class struggle to ‘Zhonghuaminzu(中華民族)’ nationalism. After the open door of PRC, the history of ‘minority nationalities’ was descried as the Chinese history in the school history textbook. So the traditional China became bigger. This paper tiger is now the frame of the history educations of PRC. This concept is also applied to the paper money and films, for example the fifth set of Renminbi and the film of the Red River Valley.
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티베트불교 문화권의 ‘화목한 네 동물’ 설화와 도상의 확산과 활용 양상
박장배 동북아시아문화학회 2022 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.71
The story and iconography of the ‘Four Harmonious Animals’ are cultural elements that are used as much as Korean Jangseung in Tibetan Buddhist cultural world. This story was passed down as part of the original story(Jātaka). Jātaka seems to have originated from the fact that Buddhist practitioners accepted ancient Indian tales into Buddhism and refined the stories of Buddha and his disciples from their previous lives and various parables. Buddhist literature including ‘Jataka’ and art fields such as various icons and sculptures created a synergistic effect and played an important role in ancient Indian Buddhist culture. ‘Tittira Jātika’ went beyond India’s various historical communities, and through northern India and Central Asia, Indian Buddhism spread to neighboring civilizations. Very energetic Buddhist evangelists and adversaries played a major role in this spread. Ancient Indian Buddhism spread on both the maritime Silk Road and the land Silk Road, and with the establishment and development of the Tubo Empire, Tibet was also a major route of diffusion. ‘Tittira Jātika’ entered Central Asia and Tibet and established itself as a tale and iconography of the ‘four harmonious animals’. In particular, in Tibetan Buddhist cultural world, the icon and tale of the the ‘four harmonious animals’ were established as an independent cultural element of Mthun-pa-spun-bzhi(Tibet) and Tumbaash(Mongol). As Mongolia was included in the Tibetan Buddhist cultural world, the tale and iconography of the ‘Four Harmonious Animals’ spread to the Mongolian historical community. Interestingly, in the early 20th century, the ‘four harmonious animals’ icon was adopted as part of the national symbol along with the movement to establish a modern Buddhist nation-state in Tibet and Mongolia. This means that the cultural element of ‘four harmonious animals’ has begun to be more widely accepted throughout society as it has emerged as a national symbol.
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박장배 만주학회 2007 만주연구 Vol.- No.7
Western Region(西域) Concept had been born in Han Dynasty already. But Tibet, a member of Western Region was raised in Tang Dynasty Times. China's Dynasties were mainly a vehicle of Korean understandings on Tibet. The Understanding on Tibet were relatively poor in Traditional Korea. At that times, Korean regarded Tibet as a model of a control element of borderland. The concern on Tibet is increased in Contem-porary Korea. These phenomena are unparalleled in history. Korean Understandings on Tibet were different according to times, but Tibet has been a member of Eastasia world.
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朴章培 동북아시아문화학회 2005 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.9
Sino-Indian Border Conflict was spread in the border war in 1962. This war first of all was connected with the linear boundary concept. Since 19th century, British-ruled India and Qing dynasty, and the himalayan states tried to set up or resist the line. Especially British-ruled India had leaded the new trend. The main problem was the question of title to a number of 'no-man's lands' and buffer zone. After Sino-Indian establishment and Independence, there was the western sector(Aksai Chin) and the middle sector and the eastern sector(the McMahon Line) in Sino-Indian Border. The border war of 1962 was the dispute of Aksai Chin region and the McMahon Line region. This war also was connected the game of geopolitics. The grand design of geopolitics in India was derived from British-ruled India' heritage. A case of China, it was derived from the experiences of Qing dynasty. Especially the Tibet perception of Sino-Indian leaders was differant. The complete loss of Tibet was a loss of a buffer zone and friend. Without Tibet, India and Chian was hard to maitain some friendship for many Indians. The "forward" policy of India in 1960s was derived from this background. The linear boundary concept has already been a common sence. On the other hand, the interchange between nation and nation is largely increasing in the era of globalization. Today, the relationship of India and China is improving. But the experience of the conflict and differant Tibet perceptions still exist. And in china the nationalistic Strategy as 'Western Great Development' is going on. This situation means the international interests is important as the national interests.
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20세기 만주의 농업개발과 생태환경의 변화 -옥수수 재배지의 확대 문제를 중심으로
박장배 동북아시아문화학회 2019 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.61
This article aims to find what changes in the agricultural landscape of Manchuria mean. Another purpose of this article is to outline the achievements of existing research and to derive future research tasks from it. In this regard, I took a look at the problem of formation and expansion of cornfields, which can be said to be a key element of rural landscape in northeast China. One of the biggest beneficiaries of the Manchurian development is corn, in some ways considered one of the world's top three food crops along with wheat and rice. The expansion of the cornfield was not a very old phenomenon. During the period of the Republic of China, or Manchuria, the cornfield tends to expand, as pointed out in the previous study, crucially, the expansion of the cornfield seems to have been a phenomenon in the 1950s. Since then, the cornfields have continued to expand. There was a clear commonality during the Manchurian period since the 1930s, when corn cultivation was greatly expanded, and during the People's Republic of China. Manchukuo and Kwantung Army developed and implemented a northern border development plan and a large fortification construction plan. The large-scale reclamation in the People's Republic of China in the 1950s was also a national mobilization. These large-scale development of agricultural land has shown an expansion of the corn zone since the 1950s. The expansion of the cornfield cannot be explained by any single factor, such as climate warming, mechanization or seed improvement. Overall, national intervention in agriculture was a very important factor. Of course, it is necessary to analyze the state's intervention since the 1980s, considering that it has changed from before.
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