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선택발명의 진보성 판단기준의 재조명 - 대법원 2021. 4. 8. 선고 2019후10609 판결 -
박운정(Park, Unjung) 한국법학원 2022 저스티스 Vol.- No.188
선택발명에 관해서는 선행 또는 공지의 발명에 그 상위개념이 기재되어 있다는 점에서 발명의 본질에 대해서부터 많은 논의가 있었다. 진보성 판단 시에 선택발명은 중복발명을 예외적으로 보호하는 것이라는 시각은 선택발명의 효과에 초점을 맞춰 왔고, 일반발명과 다르지 않게 바라보는 시각은 보통의 발명의 진보성 판단기준에 따라 구성과 효과를 함께 고려한다. 외국의 사례를 살펴보면, 미국은 일관되게 선택발명을 다른 발명과 동일하게 취급해 왔다. 진보성 판단단계에서는 먼저 상위개념의 크기, 선택할 동기, 구조적 유사성 등을 고려하여 일응의 자명성(prima facie obviousness) 성립 여부를 살펴본 뒤, 성립하였다면 특허권자에게로 증명책임을 전환하여 예상치 못한 결과 등 2차적 고려사항에 의하여 추정이 복멸되는지를 판단한다. 유럽특허청(EPO) 심판원도 유사한 접근방식을 취하고 있으며, 독일과 영국의 판례를 통해 각 회원국의 판례도 점차 조화를 이루어 왔음을 관찰할 수 있다. 반면 일본에서는 종래 이질적 효과 또는 동질의 현저한 차이 유무에 주목해 왔는데, 최근 들어 지적재산고등재판소 판결 등에서 구성의 곤란성을 적극적으로 검토하는 등 변화가 감지된다. 우리나라도 효과에 초점을 두어 선택발명의 진보성을 판단해 왔는데, 최근 대법원 2021. 4. 8. 선고 2019후 10609 판결에서는 일반적인 발명의 진보성 판단기준이 선택발명에도 마찬가지로 적용되어야 한다고 밝혔다. 대상판결은 구성의 곤란성 판단에 고려해야 할 요소로 선행발명에 마쿠쉬 형식 등으로 기재된 화학식과 그 치환기의 범위 내에 이론상 포함될 수 있는 화합물의 개수, 선행발명에 마쿠쉬 형식 등으로 기재된 화합물 중에서 특정한 화합물이나 특정 치환기를 우선적으로 또는 쉽게 선택할 사정이나 동기 또는 암시의 유무, 선행발명에 구체적으로 기재된 화합물과 특허발명의 구조적 유사성 등을 꼽는 한편, 선택발명에 있어서도 발명의 효과는 용이도출 여부를 판단하기 위한 자료의 역할을 맡고 있음을 명확히 하였다. 대상판결은 구성의 곤란성을 나타내는 요인의 존부와 그 강도에 따라 진보성 인정에 요구되는 효과의 정도도 달라질 수 있다고 보는 것으로 생각된다. 구성의 곤란성도 인정되고 개선된 효과도 있으므로 진보성이 부정되지 않는다는 결론은 구성이 곤란한 정도에 따라 효과가 기존과 같이 현저한 정도에는 미치지 못하는 선택발명의 진보성도 인정될 수 있음을 시사한다. 그 구체적 적용은 향후 판례와 논의의 축적을 통해 더욱 발전시켜 나가야 하겠으나, 위와 같은 점에서 대상판결은 선택발명의 진보성 판단기준을 재조명하였다는 의의가 있다. The enigma of selection invention has called for a wide range of discussions by its nature that claims a species of a genus already disclosed in the prior art, starting with the inherent question whether we should treat it as an invention overlapping with the prior arts that is given protection only as an exception, or just the same as other types of inventions. In assessing the inventive step, those who take the former view have focused on whether the invention has a remarkable effect, whereas the latter view leads to the application of the general standard that considers both whether it would have been difficult for a person having ordinary skill in the art to derive the selection invention and whether the invention has a remarkable effect compared to the prior arts. The U.S. has been consistent in treating selection inventions the same as other types of inventions. If the invention is prima facie obvious based on overall consideration of the prior arts in relation to the size of the genus, teachings to make or avoid the selection, and the structural similarity, the burden of proof is now on the patentee to show that the presumption is rebutted by unexpected result or other secondary considerations. The EPO Boards of Appeal take the similar approach. German and U.K. cases indicate that the member states have narrowed the gap in their practices over time. Meanwhile, Japan conventionally focused on whether a selection invention offers a qualitatively different effect or quantitatively remarkable difference. However, changes in trend are noticed as the IP High Court expressly reviews whether it would have been difficult to reach the selection invention from the prior arts in recent cases. Korea has also focused on effect. Yet, the Supreme Court recently held in its 2019Hu10609 decision on April 8, 2021 that the general inventive step standard also applies to selection inventions. It also identified the factors to assess whether it would have been difficult to derive the selection invention as, among others, the number of compounds that can be theoretically included in the Markush claim in the prior art, the circumstance, motivation, or suggestion to preferably or easily select the particular compound or substituent, or structural similarity of the selection invention and the compound specifically disclosed in the prior art. The decision then clarified that the effect of an invention serves as the ground to determine whether the invention can be easily derived from the prior arts just as in the overall inventive step analysis. Thus, seemingly, the more difficult it is to derive the selection invention, the less effect is required to show the inventive step. The Court’s conclusion that apixaban, the selection invention at issue, does not lack an inventive step as it is difficult to derive the invention and the invention also has an improved effect suggests that a selection invention may have an inventive step even without a remarkable effect, depending on the difficulty to derive the species from the genus. As such, while the way future cases and academic discussion unfold would be crucial to better understand how the decision is to be applied, the decision is meaningful as shedding new light on the inventive step standard for selection inventions.
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석축 산성의 계곡부 체성과 못(池)에 관한 연구 - 거창 거열성과 함안 성산산성을 중심으로 -
권순강,이호열,박운정,Kwon, Soon-Kang,Lee, Ho-Yeol,Park, Un-Jung 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.3
With the accumulations of outcomes from archaeological excavations of mountain fortress of three kingdoms period, there have been studies about time-periodic territory range of mountain fortress, difference in the way(method) of construction, defence system and so on from various points of view. This is an empirical study on the construction method of the valley part of stone fortress. First of all, it is required to secure large quantity of fresh water for those who lived at mountain fortress. Especially when builders of fortress construct a fortification at the valley part of stone fortress, in advance they must sufficiently consider several options including the establishment of sustainable water resources. First, when it comes to build a fortification on a ridge[or a slope] of a mountain, you have only to consider a vertical stress. However, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, You must have more sufficient preparations for the constructing process. Because there are not only a vertical stress but also a horizontal pressure simultaneously. Second, a fortification of mountain fortress built by using unit building stone is a structure of masonry construction like brick construction, and the valley part of it is where the construction of the fortification begins. Third, when it comes to build a fortification at the valley part of a mountain, it seems that they use a temporary method such as coffer dam in oder to prevent the collapse of the fortification due to heavy rain. Furthermore, in response to a horizontal pressure a fortification is built by the way of its plane make an arch, or by piling up the soil with the plate method(類似版築) and earthen wall harder method(敷葉) they increase cross-sectional area of the fortification and its cutoff capacity. In front direction they put the reservoir facility for the fear that the hydraulic pressure and earth pressure are directly transmitted to the fortification. The process of constructing the fortification at the valley part of a mountain is done in the same oder as follows; leveling of ground(整地) ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of coffer dam ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at bottom part of spill way(餘水路) between the both banks of the valley ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of spill way(餘水路) & reservoir facility ${\Rightarrow}$ construction of the fortification at upper part of spill way between the both banks of the valley. Coffer dam facility seems to be not only the protection device on occasion of flood but also an important criterion to measure the proper height of spill way or tailrace(放水路). This study has a meaningful significance in that it empirically examines the method of reduction of the horizontal pressure which the fortification at the valley part of a mountain takes, the date the construction was done, and wether the changes in climate such as heavy rainfall influence the process of construction.
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홍창봉(Hong, Chang Bong),박운정(Park, woon jung),차석주(Cha, Suk Ju) 한국자동차공학회 2015 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.5
The purpose of this study is to propose a frontal crash test methods using Hybrid III 50% dummy and a chest injury criteria to develop safety devices for the elderly. For a feasibility study, safety devices (seat belts, airbags, knee airbag) and noise factors (seat position and collision speed) were determined, the sled tests were conducted using the Taguchi method.
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연구논문 : 인터넷라이프스타일, 관광정보원천, 관광정보 만족도의 구조적관계
손은미 ( Eun Mi Sohn ),박운정 ( Oun Joung Park ),오미자 ( Mi Ja Oh ) 대한관광경영학회 2015 觀光硏究 Vol.30 No.5
본 연구의 목적은 인터넷환경에서의 라이프스타일에 따른 온라인 관광정보원천 이용과 만족도, 여행관여도의 영향관계를 살펴 본 후 온라인 마케팅적 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 이러한 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 대학생들을 대상으로 총 226부의 설문지를 획득하여 구조방정식 모델을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, I-VALS는 소비자검색사이트 이용정도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나왔다. 둘째, 소비자검색사이트 이용정도는 관광정보 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 분석 결과가 나왔다. 좀 더 세부적으로, ‘쇼핑 및 정보지향형’과 ‘개성 및 새로움 지향형’의 라이프 스타일은 소비자검색사이트 이용정도에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 결과가 나왔다. 셋째, I-VALS가 소비자검색사이트 이용정도에 미치는 영향 정도는 여행관여도에 따라 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 ‘개성 및 새로움지향형’과 ‘인간관계지향형’의 라이프 스타일의 그룹에서는 소비자검색사이트 이용정도가 여행 관여도에 따라 유의하게 다르게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. The aim of this study is to examine the structural relationships of internet life-style, tourism information sources and satisfaction to figure out suitable online marking implications. For this purpose, 226 questionnaire survey sheets were collected from university students which were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 21.0 statistic program. The results are as follows. Firstly, hypothesis 1 ‘I-VALS would have significant impact on consumer search site use’ was partially adopted. Hypothesis 2 ‘level of use of consumer search site would have significant impact on tourism information satisfaction`` was adopted. Specifically, ‘shopping/ information-oriented type’ and ``personality/novelty- oriented type’ had significant impact on the level of use of consumer search site. Finally, hypothesis 3 ‘I-VALS would have different impact on the level of use of consumer search site by the tourism involvement level`` was partially adopted. Specifically, tourism involvement had moderating effect on ``personality/novelty-oriented type’ and ‘human relation-oriented type’ had moderating effect on the level of use of consumer search site.
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제주 복합리조트 카지노 사업에 대한 지역주민의 위협인식이 태도에 미치는 영향
홍성범 ( Hong Seong-bum ),오상훈 ( Oh Sang-hoon ),박운정 ( Park Oun-jung ) 한국컨벤션학회 2016 MICE관광연구 Vol.16 No.3
An integrated resort has high competitiveness in attracting foreign tourists with a focus on the casino which activates the local economy by creating employments. Meanwhile, it has been noticed that local residents exhibit negative attitude toward the casino business, which results in delaying the process of integrated resort development plan. Therefore, this study aims to theoretically review the four integrated threat factors that local residents perceive toward the casino business and empirically apply them to the two cases of integrated resort development in Jeju. Research hypotheses focus on testing the impact of integrated threat recognition on the casino business on the residents`` attitude toward integrated resort development plan. The results report that the three factors including the anxiety between groups, realistic threat, and symbolic threat significantly decide the level of residents attitude toward integrated resort development. Among the three factors, it has been confirmed that symbolic threat has relatively the highest influence.
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