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디킨즈 소설의 자연과학적 패러다임 -후기소설을 중심으로-
문상화 21세기영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학21 Vol.21 No.3
There seems no common denominator between the works of natural philosophers and works of Charles Dickens because the former are scientific monographs concentrating on objective facts and the latter are novels stimulating subjective human emotion. That evolution and geology that were popular in Victorian society, however, may become a useful way to understand the atmosphere of Victorian intellectuals. The works of Dickens can't be away from the mood of natural philosophy of the Victorian Era. Our Mutual Friend as well as The Origin of Species is a story of survival of characters. As both describe the cruel environment in which anyone the subjects/characters who must kill others to survive, we can easily understand the setting of Our Mutual Friend resembles lassaiz-faire economy of Victorian society. The Mystery of Edwin Drood was not finished by the sudden death of the writer. Though we cannot understand the complete structure of the novel and the meaning, the fact that this novel is incomplete reminds us of the remains of castles, cathedrals and corridors. Lyell insists in his The Principles of Geology that we cannot understand fully the past because of the incompleteness of the remains. Like our partial understanding of the past, we cannot get the full meaning of The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
NATM 터널에서 강지보와 숏크리트 합성부재의 하중지지력에 관한 연구
문상화,신영완,김승환,유한규 대한토목학회 2012 대한토목학회논문집 C Vol.32 No.5
NATM터널의 안정성 확보를 위해 지반조건이 불량한 경우 숏크리트에 격자지보나 H형강 등의 강지보를 보강하는 경우가 많다. 그러나 설계 시 강지보를 숏크리트가 경화되기 전 임시지보재로 간주하여 수치해석 시 고려하지 않는 것이 일반적이며, 수치해석에 고려하더라도 모델링 방법이 다양하다. 본 연구에서는 휨강도실험, 압축강도실험, 그리고 실대형실험을 통하여 강지보와 숏크리트 합성부재의 거동과 하중 부담률을 분석하였다. 또한 실험과 같은 조건에서 숏크리트와 강지보의 고려방법을 달리하여 수치해석을 실시하여 실험결과와 비교분석하였다. 연구결과 숏크리트와 강지보는 경계면에서의 미끄러짐(slip)으로 인하여 일체로 거동하지 않으며, 수치해석 시 휨모멘트는 강지보가 모두 부담하고 축력은 숏크리트와 강지보가 압축강성비에 따라 분담하는 것으로 고려하는 것이 적절한 것으로 평가되었다. Steel ribs such as H-beam or lattice girder are often reinforced to secure the stability of NATM tunnel when the ground is in the bad condition. When designing, however, steel ribs are not often taken into consideration on the numerical analysis when they are regarded as temporary tunnel supports until shotcrete shows its best performance or if they are, there are various modeling methods. This study shows behavior and loading capacity of steel ribs and shotcrete through the strength test on the bending, pressure and full-scaled. Also, we conducted and analyzed the experiment of composite member consisting of shotcrete and steel ribs under the same condition. Through the result, we can find the fact that shotcrete and steel ribs do not work as one unit because of slipping on the boundary. Also, when numerical analyzing, it was concluded that steel ribs cover all bending moment and shotcrete and steel ribs share with axial force according to the compressive strength.
다윈의 패러다임: 19세기 영국소설과 진화론의 상호연관성에 관한 연구
문상화 19세기영어권문학회 2002 19세기 영어권 문학 Vol.6 No.1
This study focuses on the relationship between evolution and novels in the Victorian Era. Although the two subjects, science and literature, are included in the separate subjects, they have a common denominator: the products of Victorian intellectuals who, at least, knew the notion of evolution.Collins's The Moonstone is a kind of detective story which portraits a criminal stealing an Indian diamond called The Moonstone. In the novel, however, we can find an interesting aspect which is different from the earlier detective novels: the notion of the existence of unconsciousness. In the novel, the criminal is controlled by his animal instinct. That means The Moonstone and The Origin of Species share the notion: there is no distinct difference between human beings and animals. Dickens's Our Mutual Friend is a story of money and its relations among the characters. From the very famous scene described in chapter one, we acknowledge that this world is not far from that of animals. Dickens shows in the novel that people struggle to survive and to climb up the ladder of social status which corresponds to the progress in nature.Evolution is a kind of ethos of the Victorian Era from which no one escaped whether he knew it or not. Therefore, The Moonstone and Our Mutual Friend share the aspects of evolution.
에드윈 드루드의 비밀 : 디킨즈의 과거에 대한 시각 Dickens's Viewpoint to the Past
문상화 광주대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 인문과학 Vol.7 No.-
Although Dickens's The Mystery of Edwin Drood has remained as an uncompleted novel due to the author's sudden death from overwork, the novel seems to have some clues to indicate Dickens' viewpoint to the past. We have to guess the mystery of Drood's disappearance with only the given clues because the novel was not finished yet. The problem is, however, the given clues include so various implications that we cannot learn the meaning of the clues in one reading. The vague or undefinable meanings of the clues remind me of the changing meaning of the past. In his The Principles of Geology, Charles Lyell argued that we could not reconstruct the accurate shape of the ancient temples with only fragmental knowledge even though we could approach the approximate structure, and this argument is repeated by Charles Darwin in his book. The Origin of species. The theme of vagueness of the past appears in The Mystery of Edwin Drood in three aspects: the real history of the Nun's House, the meaning of the inscribed letters P. J. T. and the disappearance of Edwin Drood. Like archaeological knowledge, which can be modified according to further excavations, the real meanings of the ambiguous proofs can be read differently depending on one's perspective to the past.