고려시대 충청도 연안의 포구에 관한 연구

문경호(Mun Gyung-Ho) 호서사학회 2010 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.56

The coast of Chungcheong-do is important in its location in coast traffic: many people and merchants coming and going to China had passed the coast; and all the local products of the southern part had been sent to the capital city through the coast in the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty. Despite such importance, there have been few systematic researches on the coast, and in this context, the purpose of this study is to identify the locations of estuaries around Chungcheong-do by reviewing materials between the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty and to investigate changes in the estuaries based on time flow. In general the estuaries and traffic routes in the west coast of Chungcheong-do that had been used since Goryeo were located in the Asan bay to the north and around the Cheonsu bay and the mouth of the Geum River, centered on Taean Peninsula. Estuaries around the Asan bay were represented by Beomgeunnae-po at the mouth of the Beomgeunnae River, Punghae-po and Hoehae-po at the north of Myeoncheon, Pyeonseop-po of Jiksan, while estuaries around the Chunsu bay and the mouth of the Geum River were represented by Goman-do off the coast of Boryeong, Jangamjin at the mouth of the Geum River, and Seokgok-po at Gyeolseong bay. Most of the estuaries had been used from the period of Baekje through the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty, but they, connecting to Gongju, Buyeo, and Gyeongju, began to lose their international nature when Gaegyeong was designated to be the capital city after Goryeo was founded. Instead, they engaged attention in Goryeo in that they were in the course of cargo vessels and served as military important positions. In particular, the estuaries were intensified of its military functions related to invasions of Japanese raiders between the late Goryeo and the early Joseon, when the Japanese raiders fiercely invaded into the Korean Peninsula. However, this study is limited in identifying more estuaries and investigating their historical changes because there are few materials left and lots of materials were lost as coast traffic has been declined by land transportation. Further studies may focus on the limitation with Chang-po, Daesan-po, and Ho-po, known as the names of the estuaries around Susan area.

발전선 학습의 이론적 토대와 가능성

文敬鎬(Mun, Gyung-Ho) 역사교육연구회 2014 역사교육 Vol.131 No.-

The purpose of this study was to organize the concept of line of development. Line of development is learning certain historical topics based on their chronological transition and development in comparison to preceded and followed periods, and often confused with topical learning or chronological learning. However, it is differentiated from topical learning as it separates one topic to discuss it over a long period of time and from chronological learning as it does not discuss all events in the flow of history. Line of development can lessen the burden of learners as it does not discuss all events in history. Also, line of development can be used to motivate students as it is closely related to students’ experiences and knowledge and may contribute to developing insights to approach issues from different perspectives and awareness of causality. Therefore, creating a History textbook based on line of development could evade the criticism that History textbooks are simply attempting superficial Sequence. Also, it could make History a more interesting and functional subject that reflects the needs of schools and regions.

고려시대의 조운제도와 조창

문경호(Mun Gyung-Ho) 역사문화학회 2011 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.14 No.1

고려로부터 시작된 조운제도는 1894년 조세가 금납화 될 때까지 국가 경제의 근간이 되는 관영 물류 시스템이었다. 고려의 조운제도는 크게 60여개의 포구를 중심으로 운송하던 시기, 12개(또는 13개)의 조창을 중심으로 운송하던 시기, 왜구의 침입으로 조창의 근간이 무너지면서 군현별로 납부하던 시기로 구분할 수 있다. 이 글에서는 조창제 이전에 조운을 담당했던 60개의 포구를 ‘浦倉’이라는 용어로 서술하였으며, 포창의 위치에 대하여 연구한 기존 논문들의 성과를 정리하는 한편, 그 타당성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 또한, 조운제도에 관한 최근의 연구 성과를 토대로 12개의 조창이 설립되었다는 『高麗史』의 ‘國初’가 구체적으로 어느 시기인지 밝혀보고자 하였다. 지금까지의 연구에 의하면 고려의 12조창이 설치된 시기를 보는 관점은 성종, 현종, 정종 시기 등으로 다양하였다. 그러나 성종 11년 수경가 제정 기사에 60개 포구와 함께 기록된 9개의 조창은 고려의 조운제도가 12조창 중심으로 운영되기 이전부터 존재하고 있었을 가능성이 크다. 따라서 조창의 설치 시기는 현종, 정종 시기보다 훨씬 이전 시기로 소급될 수 있다. 조창의 설치 시기가 현종 이전 시기로 소급된다면 조창을 중심으로 하는 조운제도의 성립시기 또한 상향되어야 할 것이다. The Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax started in Goryeo period had been a government operated logistics system which was the foundation of national economy and this system existed until it was abolished by the commutation of tax to paying tax with money in 1894. The Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax can be largely classified three by period: period centered on coast estuary each region, period centered on 12 Warehouses for Grain as a Tax(13 since King Munjong), period when tax was paid from each county as the foundation of Jochang fell down by the invasion of the Japanese pirates. This study named Pochang(浦倉) for the mode where tax transportation was performed centered on coast estuary before Jochang system. And based on recent studies on the Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax, this study tried to find out when ‘the early Goryeo’ described in Goryeosa(高麗史) is specifically - Goryeosa says, in that time, 12 Warehouses for Grain as a Tax were established. According to existing studies, it has been understood that the early tax transportation in Goryeo had been operated based on 60 ports and changed to 12 Jochang system through the reigns of Hyunjong or Jeongjong. But a record related to the shipping charges(輸京價) regulated in the 11th year of Seongjong shows 9 Jochangs along with 60 ports. This record suggests that 9 Jochangs existed before 12 Jochang system. Therefore, it would be difficult to say that Jochang system suddenly appeared in a particular time. And it is assumed that even after implementing Jochang system, some ports existed under Pochang system played the part related to tax transportation. When synthesizing these facts, it is known that Korean Shipping System of Grain Paid as a Tax had been changed in this order: 60 Pochang system(early Goryeo) → 12 Jochang system(King Seongjong~Hyunjong in Goryeo) → 13 Jochang system(Munjong in Goryeo) → tax transportation each county(since middle and later period of the 13th century) → 11 Pochang system in early Chosun(『Sejongsilrokjiriji世宗實錄地理志』) → 9 Jochang system(『Gyeonggukdaejeon 經國大典』) → coexistence of Jochang and Haechang system each county(『Sokdaejeon續大典』).

『高麗圖經』을 통해 본 群山島와 群山亭

문경호(Mun, Gyung-Ho) 역사문화학회 2015 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.18 No.2

『高麗圖經』에 따르면 군산정은 서긍 일행이 처음으로 고려 땅에 상륙하여 사신으로서의 정식대우를 받은 곳이다. 이 글에서는 고려도경에 기록된 군산도 인근의 바닷길과 군산도에 자리잡고 있었다는 군산정, 오룡묘, 자복사, 숭산행궁, 관아 등의 위치를 비정하고, 군산정에서 행해진 영접과정과 군산정의 구조에 대해 살펴보았다. 이 글에서는 서긍 일행이 무녀도와 선유도 사이 뱃골이 있는 지역으로 입항한 후 고려에서 준비한 작은 배를 타고 군산정으로 이동하여 영접의식을 받은 것으로 추정하였다. 또한, 군산도를 떠난 사신 일행이 거쳤던 횡서라는 섬은 방축도로 추정하였다. 군산도의 주요 시설인 군산정의 위치에 대해서는 망주봉 아래 남쪽의 유물 산포지로 비정하였으며, 관아 시설 역시 군산정과 함께 있었던 것으로 보았다. 그리고 오룡묘와 자복사는 군산정의 동쪽 산기슭에, 숭산행궁은 오룡묘 건너편의 독립된 작은 산 기슭의 유물 산포지에 있었을 것으로 추정하였다. 이들의 위치가 고려도경에 기록된 것과 달리 군산정의 서쪽이 아니라 동쪽에 자리잡은 이유에 대해서는 서긍이 방향을 잘못 파악한 것으로 이해하였다. 이러한 주장의 근거로는 서긍이 군산정 북쪽에 있었던 횡서(방축도)를 남쪽에 있다고 기록한 것을 들었다. 군산정의 구조와 관련해서는 고려도경에 나타난 환영과정을 토대로 뜰 위에 계단이 있고, 계단이 끝나는 높은 곳에 사방이 트인 형태의 군산정이 있었던 것으로 추정하였다. Gunsanjeong (Gunsanjeong Pavilion) was the first destination in Korea of the Chinese delegation led by Xu Jing. Officials of the Goryeo Kingdom greeted the delegation in a formal reception for foreign envoys at the pavilion. This article intends to identify, based on Goryeodogyeong (Illustrated Travelogue on Goryeo Kingdom), the sea route leading to Gunsando Island, as well as the locations of Gunsanjeong, Oryong Cemetery (五龍廟), Jaboksa Temple(資福寺), Sungsan Temporary Palace (崧山行宮), and the local government office at that time, all of which are known to have been on Gunsando Island. It also aims to shed light on the reception ceremony held at Gunsanjeong and the structure of the pavilion. The delegates led by Xu Jing are presumed to have reached Gunsando Island’s port through a sea route between Munyeodo and Seonyudo islands. After reaching the port, they would have moved to Gunsanjeong on a small ship prepared by the Goryeo people before being welcomed in the reception ceremony. The island named Hoengseo, which the Chinese envoys stopped at after leaving Gunsando Island, is presumed to be the Bangchukdo Island of today. This article assumes that Gunsanjeong, one of the key facilities on Gunsando Island, was located at the southern foot of Mangjubong Peak where relics have been scattered, and that the local government office was next to the pavilion. Oryong Cemetery and Jaboksa Temple are presumed to have been at the foot of a mountain to the east of the pavilion, and the Sungsan Temporary Palace at a relic site at the foot of a small mountain across from Oryong Cemetery. The fact that these facilities were incorrectly described in Goryeodogyeong as being in the east of Gunsanjeong, instead of west of the pavilion, is attributed to Xu Jing’s mistake about the actual locations of the facilities. As a proof of that error, this article cites Xu Jing’s description of Hoengseo (Bangchukdo island) as located to the south of Gunsando Island, contrary to its actual location to the north of the island. Judging by the descriptions of the reception ceremony in Goryeodogyeong, Gunsanjeong is presumed to have been on a mounted platform reached by a staircase in the middle of an open field.

여말 선초 조운제도의 연속과 변화

문경호(Mun, Gyung-Ho) 역사문화학회 2014 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.17 No.1

이 논문에서는 고려 후기에 조운제도가 동요되는 시기부터 조선 건국 후 조운제도의 체제가 일단락되는 성종 때까지 조운제도가 어떠한 변화 양상을 보이는지 조명하고자 하였다. 조선 초의 조운제도는 고려 말의 조운제도를 그대로 계승한 면이 있지만 몇 가지가 보완되면서 서로 다른 면을 보이기도 하였다. 먼저 고려 말에 군현별로 납부하던 방식은 조선 건국 이후에도 이어져 16개 포창에서 조세를 운송하다가 성종 대에 이르러 9개 조창을 거점으로 조운하는 방식으로 변화하였다. 조창은 대개 고려시대 12조창 또는 고려 말 조전성이 있던 곳에 설치되었으나 해안선이 변화함에 따라 일부 지역은 더 하류로 내려가거나 인근 지역으로 옮겨졌다. 조세 운송의 면에서는 판관의 지휘 아래 조창의 주민들이 조세의 운송을 책임지던 방식이 왜구의 침입으로 무너지고 군현별로 납부하는 방식으로 변화하였다. 고려 말에는 왜구의 약탈을 피하기 위해 군사를 붙여 조운선을 호송하기도 하였다. 이러한 상황은 조선 건국 초까지 이어졌다가 조창제의 시행과 함께 해운?수운 판관을 파견하여 조운을 지휘?감독하는 시스템으로 바뀌었다. 조운선의 경우에도 처음에는 고려 말 군현별 조운 시기에 사용된 것과 유사한 크기의 조운선이 주류를 이루었으나 세조대를 거치며 500석 이상을 적재할 수 있는 대형 조운선이 제작되기에 이르렀다. 궁극적으로 조선이 추구한 조운제도는 고려 성종~문종 대에 완성된 고려식 조운제도였다. 따라서 조선시대 조운제도의 정비 과정과 특징을 파악하는 데에 있어 고려 말~조선 초의 조운방식 변화에 관한 연구는 매우 중요한 의미를 갖는다. The Tax Shipping System of Goryeo had been gradually changed and collapsed in the course of the invasion of the Mongol, the rebellion of Sambyeolcho and the invasion of the Japanese pirates. In particular, when there was rampant invasion of the Japanese pirates during the reign of King Gongmin, the marine transportation of the taxation goods was prohibited. During the reign of King Woowang, an extreme measurement to dispose the marine transportation was taken. The revival of the marine transportation took place after the troop withdrawal of Wihwadon. Yi Seong Gye who took the power after the troop withdrawal of Wihwadon resumed the marine transportation in order to secure the national finance, and protected the marine transportation ships from the plundering of the Japanese pirates by the military escort. It was that time when Joseon castle was built along the coast and Sugunmanho was installed. Together, Sucham was installed at the inland water transport route. The revived marine transportation system thanks to various measurements was inherited as it was when Joseon was founded. The method of delivery of taxation goods by installing Pochang at the inland water transport and marine transport hub had been developed similar to the ‘marine transportation system of Goryeo’ based on 9 places of Jochang and the state owned ships along with the solidification of the national system and the centralization of the government. With those situations in mind, this study examined the changes of the marine transportation system from the diminishing period at the late Goryeo period to the reign of King Seongjong at a time when the marine transportation system was complete after the establishment of Joseon. The marine transportation system of early Joseon seems to inherit that of late Goryeo, but it also had different shapes by complementing some matters. As for the marine transportation ships, similar size ships which were used at the marine transportation by Gun and Hyeon level at the late Goryeo period, but, large ships that accommodated more than 500 Seoks were manufactured after the reign of King Sejo. It is very important to study the marine transportation system at late Goryeo in order to figure out the reorganizing proves and features of the marine transportation system in Joseon. This study might contribute to the understanding of the continuity and change of the marine transportation system in the late Goryeo and early Joseon era.

고려 강도(江都)시기 강화도의 주요 포구와 물자 유통

문경호(Mun, Gyung-ho) 역사문화학회 2021 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.24 No.2

강화는 몽골과 고려가 전쟁을 벌였던 시기에 고려의 수도로서 중요한 역할을 했던 섬이다. 고려 정부는 천도를 추진하면서 강화에 궁궐과 관청을 짓고, 제포-와포, 이포-초포 구간을 간척하여 둔전을 확보하였다. 이후에도 강도의 간척 사업은 지속적으로 추진되었다. 이에 따라 갯벌이었던 지역이 농지로 변하고, 여러 지역에 포구가 등장하였다. 당시 사람들이 주로 이용했던 포구로는 梯浦와 甲串津이 있었다. 갑곶진의 위치에 대해서는 이미 잘 알려져 있으나 제포의 위치는 명확치 않다. 따라서 이 글에서는 제포의 위치를 간척사업과 함께 살핌으로써 현재보다 약간 더 북쪽인 삼간리 일대에 있었을 것으로 파악하였다. 또한, 사료와 발굴자료를 토대로 제포와 함께 간척지로 등장하는 瓦浦, 狸浦, 草浦, 그리고 삼별초가 진도로 떠날 때 경유한 仇浦 등의 위치를 비정하였다. 몽골의 침입을 피해 강도로 천도한 후에도 왕실을 비롯한 지배층은 개경에 있을 때와 다름 없이 풍족한 생활을 하였다. 송의 물품은 물론이고, 제주도의 말과 귤, 남부 지역에서 올라오는 각종 곡식과 식재료들을 풍족하게 공급받고 있었다. 이러한 화려한 생활이 가능했던 것은 고려가 끝까지 몽골에게 조운로를 빼앗기지 않았기 때문이다. 최근 마도 해협에서 출수된 태안 마도3호선은 강도의 정부가 지방으로부터 어떤 물자들을 공급받았는지 잘 보여준다. 한편, 강도 시기 제주도는 남송과 일본의 물품을 교역하는 장소였을 뿐만 아니라, 말과 감귤 등을 강도 정부에 제공하는 역할을 맡고 있었다. 제주에서 올라온 감굴과 공마는 왕실에서 공신과 권신들에게 상으로 하사되는 중요한 품목이었다. 훗날 몽골이 제주를 탐라총관부로 삼아 목마장을 설치한 것도 이미 전례가 있었던 셈이다. 강화도의 개간전 지형과 포구에 관한 연구는 이제 본격적인 단계에 들어섰다고 판단된다. 지리학, 고고학, 역사학의 협조 하에 지금까지의 발굴 결과를 종합적으로 분석하고, 그것을 토대로 고려시대 강도의 구체적인 경관을 그려낸다면 강도 시기 강화의 모습을 좀 더 구체적으로 이해할 수 있으리라 기대한다. Gwanghwa-do was an island which had played an instrument role as a capital city of Goryeo during the warfare between Mongolia and Goryeo. The government of Goryeo built the palace and administrative buildings at Gwanghwa-do while moving the capital city and acquired the fields for producing military rice be reclaiming the areas between Jaepo-Wapo and Epo-Chopo. The reclaiming projects were continued at Gwanghwa-do. Accordingly, the areas of mud flats had been transformed to agrarian lands and the ports were appeared in many points. The people at that time used the Jaepo and Gapgopjin for their ports. The location of Gapgopjin was well known, but the point of Jaepo was not sure. Accordingly, this article identified that it was likely to locate at the proximities of further north, Samganri than estimated now by looking into the point of Jaepo and reclaiming projects. In addition, based on the historic records and excavated records, this study compared and defined the positions of Wapo, Epo and Chopo which were appeared as reclaimed lands together with Jaepo and Gupo where Sambyeolcho visited at the departure to Jin-do. The ruling class of Gwanghwa enjoyed rich living as same as when they lived at Gaegyeong during the warfare with Mongolia for 39 years. They had supplies of horses and mandarin orange from Jeju and plentiful crops and food materials from southern parts of the country and goods from Song"s territory as well. Holding the tax carrying route to the end by Goryeo against Mongolia made such luxurious living as available. The Mado ship #3 discovered recently at the proximity of Taean (District) display which supplies were supported from local districts to the government in Ganghwa-do. Jeju-do at the era of Ganghwa-do was a place for trading the goods between Southern Song and Japan and supplying the horses and mandarin orange to Ganghwa-do government. Later, the installation of horse farming sites at Jeju-do by Mongolia had the precedent cases. It is considered that the studies on the terrain and ports before reclaiming Ganghwa-do entered in the active step. The biggest tasks are to analyze the discovered records till today generally and depict the specific landscape of Gwanghwa-do in Goryeo Dynasty in combination of the geography, archaeology and history.

역사과 민주시민 교육의 성과와 과제 - 2007개정 교육과정 이후 ‘한국사’ 영역을 중심으로

문경호(Mun, Gyung-ho) 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2021 교과교육학연구 Vol.25 No.5

이 글에서는 최근 역사교육계에서 강조되는 민주시민 교육의 본질적인 문제에 접근하기 위해 2007개정 교육과정 이후 중고등학교 한국사 영역에서 민주주의 관련 내용이 어떻게 변화되어 왔으며, 앞으로 해결해야 할 과제가 무엇인지 살피려 하였다. 민주시민 양성은 학교 교육을 통해 이루어야 하는 교육의 본질적인 목표이다. 그런 의미에서 역사교육에서의 민주시민 교육은 민주화 운동에 대한 지식 습득과 함께 민주시민으로 성장하기 위한 가치와 태도를 함양할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다. 민주주의와 관련된 현대사 교육을 강화시키는 데에 중점을 두기보다 역사적 사실을 학습하는 과정에서 민주주의적 가치가 존중되고, 내면화되는 경험을 하도록 해야 한다. 또한, 학생들이 역사 속에서 여러 시기의 다양한 사람들을 만나며, 인문학적 상상력과 통찰력을 키울 수 있도록 내용이 조직되어야 한다. This article looked into the changes in Korean history subject in middle and high schools since the curriculum revision on 2007, and future tasks needed to be addressed to better understand the essential issues of democratic citizens education that has been particularly emphasized in recent history education. Cultivating democratic citizens is an essential goal to achieve with school education. In this respect, the democratic citizens education in history subject should be designed to obtain the virtue and knowledge to grow as democratic citizen based on the historic knowledge in multiple eras, as well as acquiring the knowledge on the democratic movement. It should be focused on putting value on respecting the democratic virtue and internalizing the experience in the course of studying the historic facts rather than concentrating on strengthening the contemporary history of democracy. In addition, the contents should be organized for the students to grow the liberal artistic imagination and insights, learning about various events and people in history.

『漂民對話』의 사료적 가치와 표류선의 구조

문경호(Mun, Gyung-ho) 목포대학교 도서문화연구소 2015 島嶼文化 Vol.0 No.46

『漂民對話』는 19세기 전반 우리나라 전통 선박의 형태와 구조, 표류민에 대한 대우 등에 관한 정보를 담고 있는 귀중한 자료이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 먼저 책의 사료적 가치에 대해 조명하고, 이를 토대로『표민대화』에 수록된 조선 후기 선박 용어와 규모, 구조 등에 관하여 살펴보았다. 책의 제작 시기는 1836~1845년 사이로 넓혀 보아야 한다는 의견을 제시하였으며, 실제로 있었던 조선인 표류 사건을 기록한 것으로 보았다. 선박의 제작 순서나 선박 용어 등은 다소 생소하지만 일부 부재의 명칭은 전라도 해안가의 배에 유사한 명칭과 구조가 아직까지도 남아있음을 확인했다. 표류선은 전라도 상인들의 상선이었으며, 돛과 키, 뜸집 등의 크기를 통해 볼 때 그 규모는 선장 약 13.4~15m, 선폭 약 4m, 선심 1.5~2m 정도였다. 배의 구획은 총 9개로 나뉘어 있었다. 돛은 돗자리 형태로 엮어서 이물과 고물에 두 개의 돛대를 세웠으며 두 돛대의 길이는 약 150㎝ 정도의 차이가 났다. 요컨대 『漂民對話』속의 표류 선박은 시볼트가 남긴 그림 속의 조선 표류선과 매우 유사한 형태와 규모였다고 결론지었다. Pyomindaehwa(“Conversations with People Adrift”) is an invaluable document containing plenty of information about the shape and structure of Korean traditional ships in the early 19th century, treatment of people adrift, and more. This paper discusses the value of Pyomindaehwa as a historical source of data and describes the terminology, size, structure, and other aspects of the late Joseon-Dynasty ships as documented in Pyomindaehwa. Based on the conducted study it can be stated without much doubt that the book was written based on facts. This is because the conversations contained in the book are presented in such detail that it is difficult to question its authenticity, judging from the terminology used to describe the structure of ships, their production process, and other aspects. Although it has been claimed that Pyomindaehwa was prepared mainly based on conversations that took place in 1836 between people adrift and Japanese interpreter officials, this paper puts forward the opinion that the book must have been completed between 1836 and 1845. Even though the ship production sequence and ship terminology used in the book are very unfamiliar in modern times, it is confirmed that some of the ship materials back then can still be found, having the same name and structure as ships used nowadays along the coast of Jeolla Province. The drifting ships were owned by merchants from Jeolla Province and, considering the size of the sail and helm, thatch hut, and so on, the length, width and height of the ships were approximately 13.4~15m, 4m and 1.5~2m, respectively. The ships were divided into nine sections. The sail was weaved in the form of a mat with one mast at the stern and another at the stem. The difference in height between the two masts was about 150cm. Below the sail was a thatched hut with a length similar to the length of the ship. In the final analysis, it is concluded that the drifting ships from Pyomindaehwa had a strong resemblance, in terms of both shape and size, with the Joseon Dynasty ships in a picture painted by Philipp Franz von Siebold. Korea used to be a country wide-open toward the sea. Since land routes were not well-developed, ships were a more useful means of transportation than cattle or horses. However, as products of modern civilization were gradually introduced and overland transport by railway and automobiles became the main means of transportation, traditional ships and important nautical skills were also gradually forgotten about. Pyomindaehwa is a very useful document in an effort to revive the structure of the forgotten traditional ships and ship terminology.

1123년 서긍의 고려 항로에 대한 재검토

문경호(Mun, Gyung-ho) 호서사학회 2016 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.78

서긍의 『고려도경』은 당시의 고려 서·남해 항로에 관한 가장 생생한 기록이다. 그러나 당시의 지명 중에는 없어지거나 변한 것이 많고, 항로 또한 전하지 않기 때문에 그의 정확한 행로를 추정하기 어려운 점이 있다. 이에 본고에서는 선행 연구 결과를 토대로 서긍 일행이 처음 도착한 고려 영토인 협계산으로부터 마도 안흥정 구간까지에 관한 비정을 시도하였다. 먼저 서긍이 고려에 도착하여 처음으로 목격한 협계산(가거도) 앞에 있었다는 쌍계산은 국흘도, 흑산도를 떠나 오랜 항해 끝에 도달한 월서는 분계 해수욕장 인근 대치마도로 비정하였다. 월서 다음으로 거친 궤섬과 외서는 각각 임자도와 재원도로 비정하였다. 임자도에서 군산도까지의 구간에 경유한 섬은 각각 송이도(보살섬), 안마도(죽도), 위도(고섬섬)로 추정하였다. 충청도 연안의 항로에 해당하는 부용창산은 성주산 일대, 홍주산은 1920년대 발간된 홍주군지를 토대로 근대까지도 뱃사람들의 항표 역할을 했던 홍성의 오서산으로 비정하였다. 그리고 그 후로 경과한 알자섬은 거아도로, 안흥정은 태안의 마도 일대로 보았다. 이 글에서 서긍 일행의 항로를 추정한 가장 구체적인 자료는 고려시대와 조선시대의 조운로이다. 현재로서는 신주와 고려 조운선이 다닌 길이 매우 유사했을 것이라 추정하는 것이 가장 합리적이라고 판단된다. 조운로는 당시 서남해 연안을 오가던 선박들이 가장 안전하게 다닐 수 있었던 항로이기 때문이다. 그러나 서긍 일행은 흑산도를 거쳐 고섬섬(위도) 또는 군산도(선유도) 부근에 이르러서야 고려의 조운로에 들어선 것으로 보인다. 따라서 흑산도에서 위도에 이르는 구간을 추정하는 것이 해결해야 할 가장 큰 과제라고 판단된다. The 『Goryeodogyeong』 by Seogeung is the most vivid recording of sea route of the then southwest shore of Goryeo. However it is difficult to presume the exact route as many of the names of the locations have either been missing or changed. In this paper, I attempt to build the route from Hyeopgyesan, the very first territory of Goryeo in which the Seogeung crew had arrived, to Mado and Anheungjeong. First it is inferred that Ssanggye-san that was before Hyeopgyesan (Gageodo) and Weolseo which the Seogeung crew had arrived following a long journey from Heuksando are Gukgeuldo and Daechimado nearby Bungye Beach, respectively. Their next destinations, Goeseom and Oiseo are inferred as Imjado and Jaeweondo. It is inferred that each of the islands the Seogeung crew had described to visited along the way to Gunsando from Imjado were Song’ido (Bosalseom), Anmado (Jukdo) and Uido (Goseomseom). It is inferred that Buyongchang in the Chungcheongdo route is the region of Seongjusan, and, based on 『Hongjugunji』 published in 1920’s, Hongjusan is Oseosan of Hongseong, which functioned as nautical markings for the fishermen. I inferred that Aljaseom is now Geo’ado and Anheungjeong is now the region of Mado in Tae’an. The most significant references that facilitated inference of the route taken by the Seogeung crew are the marine transportation routes during Goryeo and Joseon dynasties. Presently it is inferred that the envoy ships from China’s Song dynasty and freighters in Goryeo took very similar routes but there are some sections where that is unlikely as the sizes of their vessels varied greatly.

이능식의 생애와 역사연구

文敬鎬(Mun, Gyung-Ho) 역사교육연구회 2013 역사교육 Vol.126 No.-

After the liberation of Korea, there were diverse scholars with different historical view points. While they summarized and accepted the research results during the Japanese colonial rule and comprehensively reviewed cultural history, social and economic history and pragmatic history, they also sought proper historical research methodology for the new ear. Lee Neung Sik, subject figure to this study, was one of those who attempted such. He was the pioneering figure to liberate our history from the colonial historical perspective and to set own historical theory in the midst of mixed and conflict historical view points. He was also an excellent history educator to imbue students national consciousness and to teach historic methodology systematically. This study attempted to figure out his position and meaning in our history by summarizing his life that was totally disregarded for his defect to North Korea. Based on the statement by his students in Gyeongbuk Middle School and Department of History Education of Seoul National University, he was forced to defect to North Korea. And this study also found out that while he was favorable to materialism he attempted to arrange the ideological chaos in the historical society in Korea after the liberation by seeking the harmony between social economical history and practical history.