자모 결합 유형을 이용한 적은 어휘에서의 필기 한글 단어 인식

진유호(Yu Ho Jin),김호연(Ho Yeun Kim),김인중(In Jung Kim),김진형(Jin Hyung Kim) 한국정보과학회 2001 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.28 No.1

필기 단어 인식 방법에는 낱자별 분할 및 낱자 단위 인식을 통해 인식하는 방법과 단어 사전을 이용하여 단어와 영상을 직접 비교하는 방법이 있다. 이 중 후자는 인식 대상이 되는 단어들이 작은수의 어휘로 제한되었을 때 매우 효과적이다. 본 논문에서는 입력 영상이 주어졌을 때 자모를 순차적으로 탐색하고 그 결과의 최적 조합을 찾아 인식하는 사전을 이용한 필기 한글 단어 인식 방법을 제안한다. 입력 영상은 사전의 각 단어와의 매칭을 통해 인식된다. 단어는 필기 순서로 정렬된 자모열로 표현하고 입력 영상은 획들의 집합으로 표현한다. 단어의 자모들은 입력 영상으로부터 추출된 획들의 집합으로부터 단계적으로 탐색된다. 각 단계에서는 전 단계까지의 매칭 상태와 탐색하려는 자모의 형태로부터 자모가 존재할 것이라고 기대되는 정합 기대 영역을 설정한 후 그 안에서 자모 탐색기를 이용해 자모를 찾는다. 자모 탐색기는 획들의 집합으로 이루어진 복수의 자모 후보와 그 점수를 출력한다. 각 단계마다 생성된 자모 후보들은 최적의 단어 매칭을 찾기 위한 탐색 공간을 이룬다. 본 연구에서는 단어 사전을 trie로 구성하고, 탐색 과정에서 dynamic programming을 이용하여 효과적으로 탐색을 수행하였다. 또한 인식 속도를 향상시키기 위해 사전 축소, 탐색 공간 축소 등 다양한 지식을 이용하였다. 제안하는 방법은 무제약으로 쓰여진 필기 단어도 인식할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 동적 사전을 이용하기 때문에 사전의 내용이 변하는 환경에서도 적용할 수 있다. 인식 실험에서는 39개의 단어로 이루어진 사전에 대하여 613개의 단어 영상에 대해 실험한 결과 98.54%의 높은 인식률을 보임으로써 제안하는 방법이 매우 효과적임을 확인하였다. There are two kinds of approaches in handwritten word recognition. One is recognition by character segmentation and character recognition, while the other is lexicon-driven approach that compares the input image with word models directly. The latter is effective especially when we want to recognize words from a small vocabulary. This paper proposes a lexicon-driven handwritten Hangul word recognition method, which recognizes the input image by sequential grapheme spotting and finding the optimal combination of the graphemes. The input image is recognized by matching with every word in the lexicon. A word is represented by a sequence of graphemes in writing order, while an image is represented by a set of strokes. The graphemes of a word are searched from the set of strokes, one by one. At every step, an expectation region for the target grapheme is estimated from the previous matching state and the type of the target grapheme. The grapheme is searched only within the expectation region by the grapheme spotter, which gives a number of grapheme hypotheses composed of groups of strokes and their efficiency, we organized the lexicon into trie and adopted dynamic programming technique to find the optimal word matching. We also proposed some heuristics to reduce the lexicon and the search space in order to increase the recognition speed. The proposed method can recognize unconstrained handwritten words. Moreover, it is applicable to the environment in which the lexicon may change, because it uses dynamic lexicon. The efficiency of the proposed method was confirmed by the experiment, in which the recognition rate was 98.54% for 613 word images from 39 classes.

전신성 홍반성 루푸스의 혈중 항 Ro 항체 출현 빈도

이창우(Chang Woo Lee),김호연(Ho Yeun Kim) 대한피부과학회 1987 대한피부과학회지 Vol.25 No.2

We examined the incidence of anti-Ro antibodies with sera from 60 Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) by double immunodiffusion. Among these 60 sera tested, 31(51.7%) showed evident immunoprecipitations against Ro antigen on the Ouchterlony plates. Several recent studies indieate that the anti-Ro antibody occurs much less frequently in Occidental lupus patients(around 30%) than in Japanese lupus patients (50%). These data may be suggestive that the racial or ethnic baekground might be an important factor determining the serological, and perhaps the clinical features of SLE.

국내 도서관 자원봉사자 활동 현황 분석 - 공공도서관 및 학교도서관을 중심으로 -

김혜주,안인자,박미영,김호연,Kim, Hae-Joo,Ahn, In-Ja,Park, Mi-Yung,Kim, Ho-Yeun 한국비블리아학회 2009 한국비블리아학회지 Vol.20 No.1

이 연구는 도서관 자원봉사 활성화를 위한 기초 현황 조사로서 국내 자원봉사자, 18만 여명을 대상으로 활동 현황을 조사 분석하였다. 조사대상 도서관은 대부분의 자원봉사자가 활동하고 있는 공공도서관과 학교도서관으로 하였으며, 이 조사는 도서관 자원봉사를 대상으로 망라적인 조사를 하였다는 점에서 의미를 두고 있다. 조사 내용은 자원봉사자 참여 측면, 자원봉사자 담당 업무 측면, 자원봉사자 관리 및 운영 측면(교육, 모집), 문화프로그램 봉사자 측면으로 나누어 제시하였다.

급만성 간염환자와 간경변증 환자에서의 N - formylmethionylleuicylphenylalanine ( f - MLP ) 에 대한 다형핵 백혈구의 화학주성

조현미(Hyun Mi Cho),이종민(Jong Min Lee),이완국(Wan Kook Lee),정진우(Jin Wu Jeong),이창돈(Chang Don Lee),김호연(Ho Yeun Kim),박두호(Doo Ho Park),김부성(Boo Sung Kim) 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.32 No.4

N/A Patients with chronic liver disease have an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Multiple factors may contribute to the susceptibility of bacterial infection in such patients. For evaluation of such factors, we have studied in polmorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis to N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (f-MLP), serum complement components C3 and the immunoglobulin IgG, IgA and IgM in 8 acute B hepatitis, 7 chronic active hepatitis and 31 liver cirrhosis and PMN- leukocyte chemotaxis in 11 normal controls. The results were as follows: 1) The mean levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA 8z IgM) were significantly increased in all three group than normal value (IgG 800-1,500mg/dl Ig 90-325mg/dl, IgM 45-150 mg/dl). The mean level of serum complement C3 and C4 were slightly decrease in liver cirrhosis (C3 44. 36±28.82, C4 19.69±12.88). 2) The mean numbers of chemotactic responses of polymorphonuclear leukocyte to f-MLP were significantly lower in liver cirrhosis, (92.68±38.88) and chronic aetive hepatitis (80.68±13.12) than that in normal controls (171.00±33.6) (p<0.05). Above results suggest that defective chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leukocyte to f-MLP was potentially another contributing factor to increased host susceptibity to infection in chronic liver disease.

류마티양 관절염 면역병인의 최근 경향

김호연 대한내과학회 1989 대한내과학회지 Vol.36 No.6

신이식환자에서 Cyclosporine 의 치험;제 1 보

윤영석,이용각,방병기,김호연,고용복 대한내과학회 1986 대한내과학회지 Vol.30 No.2

Between May, 1984 and May, 1985, twenty-one patients received kidney transplants from living related donor in 18 and from non-related donor in 3 were treated with cyclosporin A(CsA). On May, 1985, actuarial patient survival rates at one year were 94% in the CsA group and 80g in the Aza group(p$lt;0.05), and the corresponding graft survival rates were 94%$lt; in the CsA group and 76% in the Aza group(p< 0.01). The hirsutium, hypertension, tremor, nephrotoxicity k infection were common side effect in CsA group. The nephrotoxicity, however, was easily manageable through management strategy. Episodes of acute rejection were not frequent & occurred 2 times in 2 patients. All the patients except one had good renal funcuion immediately after transplantation, In one case treated with CsA-steroid, a fatal complication occurred due to status epilepticus with acute brain dysfunction. Results of these experience have shown that CsA was superior immunosuppresive regimen used. With small dose of steroid.

전신성 홍반성낭창의 임상상-110예 분석-

박동준,김춘추,이경식,김동집,김호연 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin which may affect many different organs and disclose various laboratory findings. A retrospective multi-center cooperative study was made of the medical records of 110 patients with SLE experienced at the department of internal medicine of Catholic Medical College between January 1978 and August 1986 for the analysis of clinical and laboratory findings. The results were as follows; 1) In 110 patients with SLE, the male to female ratio was 1:17 and mean age 27.5. The majority of patients were discovered to have SLE while in the second or third decade of life. 2) The sensitivities of criteria revealed that the antinuclear antibody (ANA) was 82.4%, cutaneous disorder 75.5%, arthralgia or arthritis 74.5% hematologic disorder 73.6%, immunologic disorder 64.6%, renal disorder 58.2%, oral ulcer 30.9%, serositis 32.7%, neurologic disorder 25.5% and photosensitivity 19.1%. 3) The initial manifestations and their incidences revealed that the arthralgia or arthritis was 44.5%, cutaneous disorder 22.7%, fever 13.6%, renal disorder 10.9%, pleuritis 4.5%, gastrointestinal disorder 2.7%, and pericarditis 0.9%. 4) The malar rash was the most common manifestation in cutaneous disorder, arthralgia or arthritis in musculoskeletal disorder, pericarditis in cardiopulmonary disorder, and seizure in neuropsychiatric disorder. 5) The proteinuria was the most common manifestation in renal disorder. In 21 cases performed renal biopsy, the most common histologic type was focal proliferative nephritis. 6) The homogenous pattern was the most common type in indirect fluorescent nuclear pattern, anemia in hematologic disorders, and lupus band test in immunologic tests. 7) The immunologic disorders associated with SLE were Coombs` positive anemia (5 cases), thyroid disorder (3 cases), ITP (2 cases), and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (1 case).

전신성홍반루프스에서의 항 ENA 항체의 출현빈도 및 임상적 의의

이창우,박동준,이경식,김동집,김호연,김부성 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.32 No.2

Antinuclear antobodies (ANAs) occur in virtually all patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in a large portion of patients with other connective tissue diseases. Some ANAs almost surely participate in the generation of tissue injury and were recognized as important parameter for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with various connective tissue diseases. Extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) contain ribonucleoprotein, Sm, SS-A/Ro, SS-B/La, and other antigens. To determine the diagnostic and clinical usefulness of autoantibodies to these antigens, we studied the frequencies of autoantibodies to these antigens and their correlation with laboratory and clinical features in systemic lupus erythematasus. The results were as follows; 1) The frequency of autoantibody to extractable nuclear antigen using calf thymus extract as antigen source was slightly higher than that using rabbit thymus extract. But this difference was not statistically sipnificant (p$gt;0.05). 2) The frequence of autoantibody to extractable nuclear antigen was 50.0%. The frequencies of autoantibodies to Sm, nRNP, and SS-A/Ro were 26.0%, 46.0%, and 60.8% respectively. But the autoantibody to SS-B/ La was not detected in all patients. 3) The frequence of speckled pattern on fluorescent antinuclear anbtibody test in anti-Sm and/or anti-nRNP antibody positive group was higher than that in negative group (p=0.015). 4) The frequence of skin rash in anti-Sm and /7or anti-nRNP positive group was lower than that in negative group (p=0.035) 5)The presence of autoantibody to SS-A/Ro was no clinical and laboratory difference between anti-SS-A/ Ro antibody positive and negative groups (p$gt;0.05). 6) ANA-negative lupus using fluorescent antinuclear antibody test represents 15% and frequence of anti-Ro in their sera was approximately 83.3%. These results suggest that autoantibodies to extractable nuclear antigens were useful parameter for the diagnosis and informed some clinical courses in systemic lupus erythematous.

가역적 신증후군이 동반된 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease 1 예

박석영,박동준,이경식,백상홍,김동집,김호연 대한내과학회 1987 대한내과학회지 Vol.33 No.3

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is serologically characterized by the presence of the high titier of autoantibody to nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP). The clinical syndrome is an overlap of systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis. A disorder of immunoregulation is important in its pathogenesis. Recent obserbations have attracted for anti-nRNP as possibly pathogenic factor in connective tissue disease. Renal disease is children and adult with MCTD has a combined prevalence of about 28%. Most of these abnormalities of responsive to corticosteroid theraphy. And the prognosis for MCTD is generally similar to that of SLE somewhat better than for scleroderma. Recently we had the opportunicity to observe MCTD whose clinical characteristics and serological finding were compatible with MCTD. So we report the case and review the related literatures.