‘불(佛)’, ‘마(魔)’자(字) 관련 중국어 어휘와 불교문화 소고(小考)

김순진 ( Kim Soonjin ),한용수 ( Han Yongsu ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2019 比較文化硏究 Vol.56 No.-

불교가 중국에 전파되면서 중국인들은 불교를 이해하기 위해 불교경전을 번역했고 이런 과정에서 중국에는 많은 새로운 불교어휘들이 세속화 되어 일상생활에서 사용하기 시작했다. 이것은 인도의 범어와 중국어의 융합일 뿐만 아니라 인도의 불교문화와 중국문화가 결합되어 독특한 중국의 불교문화가 형성되는 계기가 되었다. 이런 언어와 문화는 서로 영향을 주고받으며 오늘날 중국의 불교어휘에 큰 영향을 주었다. 본문에서는 불교와 가장 밀접한 관련이 있는 ‘佛’, ‘魔’ 관련 어휘를 중국어에서의 의미와 불교에서의 의미 분석을 통하여 이런 어휘 속에는 많은 불교문화가 스며있고 깊은 불교 교리를 담고 있으며, 역으로 이런 불교문화와 교리는 어휘의 내용을 풍부하게 하여 표현의 효과를 향상시켜 주었다. 또한 이런 분석은 어휘의 유래와 발전과정을 이해하고 그 속에 담겨 있는 불교문화를 이해하는데 도움을 준다. 코퍼스 자료 분석을 통하여 ‘佛’, ‘魔’와 관련된 어휘의 현대와 고대중국어에서의 활용빈도를 산출하고 그 원인을 제시하였으며 연어분석으로 공기성이 가장 활발한 어휘를 파악함으로서 중국인들의 생활 습성 및 그 사유방식을 이해하는데 도움을 준다. When Buddhism was introduced in China, Buddhist Scriptures were translated by Chinese people from Sanskrit into Chinese. In this process, many new Buddhist terms began to be secularized and used in daily life. This was a fusion of Indian Sanskrit and Chinese, where the Buddhist cultures of India and China were combined to produce a unique Chinese Buddhist culture. The mutual exchange of vocabularies and cultures between the two countries has greatly influenced the current Buddhist vocabulary in China. Through the analysis of meanings in Chinese and Buddhism of terms related to 佛 and 魔, this study determined that those terms contain abundant Buddhist culture and deep teachings of Buddhism, and, in a reverse way, that those words and Buddhist culture and teachings make abundant the vocabulary contents and improve the effects of the expression. Further, this kind of analysis is helpful in understanding the origin development processes of such terms as well as the Buddhist culture contained in those words. Through corpus-based analysis, this study calculated the frequencies of use in ancient and modern Chinese societies, and suggested reasons for the differences in the two societies regarding words related to 佛 and 魔. In addition, through linked word analysis, this study found the words that are most frequently used by the public, which contributes to the understanding of the customs and the thinking methods of the Chinese.

佛源 중국어 단어의 구조 분석

김순진 ( Kim Soonjin ),한용수 ( Han Rongzhu ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2022 인문학연구 Vol.61 No.2

역경(譯經) 과정에서 인도불교의 이질적인 언어와 문화체계는 탐색과 충돌, 종속과 변화의 적응 단계를 거쳐서 중국의 여러 영역에 깊게 침투하였다. 이것은 유가, 도가 사상문화와 결합하여 중국에서 독특한 불교문화를 형성하였을 뿐만 아니라 중국어 단어에 많은 영향을 주었고 특히 단어의 구조방식을 풍부하게 하였다. 본문에서는 조어법[造詞法], 구조방식 및 수사법으로 나누어 분석하고, 조어법에서는 음역어[音譯詞], 의역어[意譯詞] 등 4개 부분, 구조방식에서는 편정식, 연합식 등 6개 부분, 수사법에서는 환유법, 의인법, 과장법의 3개 부분으로 나누어 살펴본다. 번역과정에서 다양한 조어법에 의해 형성된 단어는 중국어의 단어구조를 더욱 풍부하게 하였고 이후의 다른 외래어 번역의 기틀을 마련하였다. 또한 불경의 번역과정에서 중국어 구조의 충분한 활용은 중고시기의 중국어 어법의 발전을 촉진하였고 불경 고유의 특징으로 독특한 풍격을 형성하였다. 중국인이 불법(佛法)을 쉽게 이해하도록 다양한 수사법을 활용하여 생동감 있게 교리를 설명함으로써 중국어가 어려운 고문(古文)체에서 쉽고 통속적인 구어(口語)체로 발전할 수 있는 기초를 마련하였다. In the translation process of Buddhist scriptures, the different language and culture system of Indian Buddhism deeply penetrated into many areas of China after going through the adaptation stage of exploration and collision, and subordination and change. This not only formed the unique Buddhist culture in China in combination with Confucian and Taoistic thoughts, but also had great effects on Chinese words, and especially, enriched the structure method of words. This thesis analyzed the words in the aspect of word formation, structure method, and rhetoric such as four parts like transliteration and liberally-translated words in word formation, six parts like modifying disyllabic words and coordinated words in structure method, and three parts like metonymy, personification, and hyperbole in rhetoric. The words that were formed by various word formations in the process of translation enriched the lexical structure of Chinese language, accelerated the disyllabic phenomenon, and established the foundation for the translation of other foreign languages afterwards. Also, in the process of translating the Buddhist scriptures, the sufficient utilization of Chinese linguistic structure accelerated the development of Chinese grammar in the middle ancient period, and also formed its unique style based on the characteristics of Buddhist scriptures. By vividly explaining the doctrine through the use of various rhetorics, so Chinese people could easily understand the Buddhist philosophy, it established the foundation in which Chinese language could be developing from difficult archaic style to easy and common colloquial style.

중국 소수민족 신화의 색채어 상징의미 연구

김순진 ( Kim Soonjin ),한용수 ( Han Yongsu ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2021 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.74

The mythology gives an enlightenment to people by interestingly composing the symbolism contained in human’s unconsciousness into legendary contents. The principle of forming and signifying the mythology exists in the context of strong symbol. This mythology is not simply a mysterious and absurd story, but an essential, transcendental, and earnest story. The mythology mingled with nature and animals reveals the beautiful nature or dignified appearance of animals through color, and people’s belief or wish is reflected into this. The mythology of ethnic minorities of China includes various materials of story and many color terms. And this study analyzed the symbolic meanings and mythical meanings of such color terms. In the mythology, the tribe Proto-Turks created their own mythology with red color symbolizing the sublimation of life and fire, and worshiped a symbolic animal ‘dog’. The tribe Jinyoung used ‘five-colored dog’ and ‘five-colored clothing’ that symbolized the inheritance of an oriental thought, Yin-Yang & Five Elements. The Tibetan people gave the symbolism to ‘white Tara’ and ‘black-haired person’ and then worshiped them, The Manchu people gave the symbolism to ‘white stone’ and ‘black stone’ and then worshiped them. Like this, other ethnic minorities also gave special meanings to a certain object or animal, and then prayed for their desires or wishes. This symbolism is based on emotional action and human’s basic/original experiences and thoughts, which provides people with something to contemplate. In the 4th industrial revolution era, the cultural diversity inherent in mythology and the symbolic meanings of color terms present that the inclusive, integrated, and harmonious coexistence based on the recognition and respect of mutual diversity is the direction we should take to move forward.

우밍이의 ≪자전거 도난기≫ 읽기 ― 타이완 정체성 탐색을 위한 기억의 서사전략을 중심으로

金順珍 ( Kim Soonjin ) 중국어문연구회 2024 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.116

The Stolen Bicycle (2015) depicts the process of understanding the father’s history while searching for the traces of the bicycle that has disappeared with him. The relationship between the fathers and sons in the fiction was severed, and one of the main reasons for this was the silence of the fathers. The silence was made by the colonial history that Taiwan had to endure, and also by the influence of Mandarin-centered education enforced by the Kuomintang(國民黨) government. The disconnection of language led to the disconnection of relationships and the emergence of a ‘lost generation’, resulting in the disconnection and suppression of memories. In Taiwan, it is the aboriginal ethnic people who have been protecting their own land that lost their own language and history before anyone else. The Kuomintang had enforced Benshengren(本省人) and the aboriginal people to use Mandarin Chinese, which, enforcing the silence, was rather an ‘anti-language’ in that it enforced the silence. The search for ‘forgotten’ memories raises questions about the ‘public memory’ enforced during Taiwan’s Japanese colonial period and the Kuomintang’s martial law period, and reveals that there are memories discarded and marginalized as junk items and that it is urgently needed to rediscover and reevaluate them. Considering that the subjects the author seeks to restore are all peripheral beings who have suffered outside of power, it would be safe to call the author a postcolonial ecologist.