의사소통 상황 “길 안내”와 문법의 연계 가능성 고찰 - 고등학교 독일어 교과서를 중심으로

김백기(Kim Paig-Ki) 한국외국어교육학회 2006 Foreign languages education Vol.13 No.2

  In this paper, we discussed a methodology for education of German as a foreign language. In order to see how grammar and a function of communication should be linked, we investigated the way how grammar is dealt with in a chapter teaching “showing the way” as a communicational situation in 8 different highschool textbooks. To maximize the efficiency of teaching a specific grammar factor, we tried to establish which one should be linked to this communicational situation. Two conditions are necessary for this. Firstly, typical sentences for “showing the way” should be expressed by the grammar factor. Secondly, the grammar part associated with the expressions used for the communication situation should be more closely related to this one than any other communication situation. We concluded that the most efficient grammar factors that can be associated with the communication situation, “showing the way” are dative preposition and imperative, and that imperative can also be effectively associated with other communication situations such as “birthday and invitation”, and “health and treatment”.

실제의 텍스트 안에 나타난 간접화법의 구성적 특성

김백기 ( Kim¸ Paig-ki ),강병창 ( Kang¸ Byongchang ) 한국독일어문학회 2020 독일어문학 Vol.91 No.-

‘당연히 이럴 거야’라고 확신하던 것들의 실제의 모습이 크게 어긋나서 당혹해하던 경험이 있다. 꼼꼼하게 이것저것 들여다보고 만져보면서 직접 경험하지 않은 채 어설픈 직관에 기대어 미리 단정하고 이를 굳게 믿는 일종의 편견을 가졌던 것이다. 기존의 독일어 문법영역에서 ‘간접화법’이라는 문법 사항을 다루고 있는 태도와 방식을 이에 견줄 수 있을 듯하다. 언어의 실제 모습을 반영하는 텍스트의 넓은 테두리 안에서 간접화법을 ‘들여다보고 만져보지’ 않은 채, 고립된 문장의 좁은 시야로 바라보면서 그 모습을 ‘미리 단정하고 이를 굳게 믿고’ 있기 때문이다. 독일어 문법을 논의하거나 기술하고 있는 여러 문헌 안에서 간접화법을 두고 제시된 주장과 설명을 살펴보면, 결코 동의할 수 없는 내용들이 적지 않게 눈에 띄는 것은 그 필연적인 귀결이라 하겠다. 이러한 문제점을 인식하여 본 논문에서는 간접화법의 실제의 모습을 규명하고자 했다. ‘간접화법’이라는 문법 범주가 언어적으로 실현되어 실제로 나타나는 모습, 즉 텍스트 안에서 간접화법이 구성되는 방식을 체계적으로 분류·정리해 보았다. 기존 문법 문헌들의 기본 입장에 따르면 간접화법은 하나의 단일 문장안에서 복문 형식으로 구성되는 ‘문장 내적 현상’이어야만 하지만, 실제의 텍스트 안에서 간접화법은 관련 문맥과 상호작용을 이루는 가운데 문장의 경계를 뛰어넘어 텍스트 범위 안에서 구성되는 ‘문장 초월 현상’인 경우들도 대등하게 나타난다. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Problematik behandelt, wie sich die indirekte Rede im Text konstruiert. Die indirekte Rede wird begrifflich als eine Sprachhandlung verstanden, die besagt, dass der Sprecher dem Hörer daswiedergibt, was er von einer fremden Person hörte. Davon ausgehend soll ein Ausdruck der indirekten Rede formelhaft beinhalten: ‘A sagt, dass B’. Daraus ist festzustellen, dass die indirekte Rede - wenn sie sprachlich realisiert wird - aus zwei Teilen besteht, nämlich demjenigen einerseits, der die Sprachhandlung des Originalsprechers angibt (= ‘A sagt’), und demjenigen andererseits, der den von dem Originalsprecher geäußerten Inhalt darstellt (= ‘dass B’). Terminologisch soll der erste Bestandteil “Wiedergabeindiz” und der zweite “wiedergegebener Inhalt” genannt werden. Hiermit lässt sich systematisch-typologisch analysieren, auf welche Weise ein Ausdruck der indirekten Rede, der in einem authentischen Text vorkommt, konstruiert wird. Vor allem hat sich herausgestellt, dass die indirekte Rede im Text sprachlich zweierlei Vorkommensweisen aufweist, und zwar entweder eine innersatzliche oder eine satzgrenzenüberschreitende. Sie kommt insofern innersatzlich vor, als ihre beiden Bestandteile in einem einzigen Einzelsatz zusammenstehen, und dagegen satzgrenzenüberschreitend in dem Sinne, dass die beiden jeweils in einem anderen selbstständigen Satz auftreten. Für eine solche typologische Unterscheidung wird methodisch vorausgesetzt, dass die indirekte Rede nicht in einem kontextlos isolierten Satz, sondern in einem Text mit Rücksicht auf die kontextuellen Verhältnisse betrachtet werden soll.

텍스트 안의 was-관계문장에 관하여

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2009 텍스트언어학 Vol.27 No.-

This paper observed a specific type of the relative clause in German, namely "was-relative clauses", in respect to their functional characters in texts. In particular, this paper focused on the relation between the was-relative clause and the main clause, as well as the relation between the was-relative clause and the context. German grammarians have paid attention to this type of the relative clauses and attempted to explain and describe its characters. But they have treated the relative clauses in isolated sentences and their interests were limited to the formal structure and sentential semantics. Therefore, not many studies have been done on the relative clauses in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. The was-relative clause fulfills a typical function in texts and provides extra explanation about the main clause. On the basis of these things, the was-relative clause is closely linked with the related context in a unique way. This study should be defined as a textlinguistic work. This approach could also be applied to foreign language education and German text translation.

합성명사에 의한 명명의 비유적 동기관계 : 한국어와 독일어의 예를 중심으로

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ),강병창 ( Byong Chang Kang ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2013 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.59

This paper aims to explore the motivational relations between a compound and its immediate constituents in the process of Korean and German nominal compounding. Compounding is a challenging linguistic phenomenon due to the fact that the two parts of a compound are combined into one semantic whole without any relational markers. But the semantic outcome is not arbitrary; the emergent meaning is based on some motivational relations. They are metonymic in one sense or another, and they are sometimes metaphoric. The conceptual parts of the ICM evoked by the first immediate constituent in relation to the second constituent ICM are chosen by the principle of metonymy. The immediate constituents are also motivated by metonymy and metaphor. Their complex interactions are investigated.

wenn-부문장을 포함하지 않는 단문 형식의 비현실적 “조건,결과문”에 관하여

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2010 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.49

This paper observed a specific phenomenon with respect to the characteristics of ‘irrealis’-sentences in German texts. The ‘irrealis’-sentences mean the sentences which have a logical relationship between ‘condition and consequence’, although they do not contain a wenn-clause. Lots of German grammarians have studied this phenomenon, namely focused on the ‘condition-consequence’ sentence, but they have dealt with it just in isolated sentences and ignored the contextual conditions. That is the reason why they did not explain and describe its characteristic completely. Taken the awareness of such methodological problems as a starting point, this paper tried to explain the ‘irrealis’-sentences without a wenn-clause in view of the concerned contexts. The following factors of these sentences were treated: the conditions of their realization, the formal construction and the contextual structure.

텍스트 안의 “한정적” 관계문장에 관하여

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2010 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.47

This paper observed a specific type of the relative clause in German, namely “restrictive” relative clauses, in respect to their characters in real texts. In particular, this paper focused on the relation between the relative clause and the context. German grammarians have paid attention to the relative clauses which are treated in isolated sentences. Nevertheless, not many studies have been done on the relative clauses in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. restricted relative clauses has the tendency to refer to the specific contextual structure in a real text. That is, the antecedent specified by the restricted clause and the same denotation are present in the text. They appear implicitly or explicitly, and come out directly or indirectly in case they are explicit. This study argues that relative clauses should be defined as a pragmatical linguistic work. This approach could also be applied to foreign language education and German text translation.

관계문장의 의사소통 기능적 특성- 비한정적 관계문장의 유형 분석

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2009 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.44

This paper observed the relative clauses in German in respect to their functional characters and attempted to analyse the “non-restriktive” relative clauses. In particular, this paper focused on the relation between the relative clause and the main clause, as well as the relation between the relative clause and the context. German grammarians have paid attention to the relative clauses which are treated in isolated sentences. Nevertheless, not many studies have been done on the relative clauses in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. This study argues that relative clauses should be defined as a pragmatical linguistic work. This approach could also be applied to foreign language education and German text translation.

텍스트 안의 비현실문에 관하여 -내용적 비현실성이 확인되는 방식-

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2010 텍스트언어학 Vol.29 No.-

This paper observed ``irrealis``-sentences in German in respect to their contextual structures in texts. In other words, it focused on contextual conditions for an imperfect subjunctive sentence in texts. German grammarians have paid attention to this kind of sentence and attempted to explain and describe its characteristic. They have, however, dealt with it mainly in isolated sentences and their interest was restrained to the formal structure and sentential semantics. Therefore, not many studies have been conducted concerning ``irrealis``-sentences in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap. The irreal situation can always be realized in the imperfect subjunctive mood sentences concerning the context. It must be observed taking the context into consideration to make it comprehended correctly and completely. In this paper it is attempted to describe the contextual conditions, where the ``irrealis``-sentences appear, on the typological method.

내용적 연관성을 지니는 문법 현상 “미래 시제”와 “접속법 2I”에 관하여 - 의미적 특성 및 텍스트 문맥 구조 고찰

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.54

This paper observed two German grammatical phenomena “future tense” and “imperfect subjunctive”, which are related to each other semantically. German grammarians have also attempted to explain and to describe both phenomina. But they have treated the grammatical categories in isolated sentences and their interests were limited to the formal structure and sentential semantics. Therefore, not many studies have been performed on the future tense and imperfect subjunctive in the contextual level. This paper aims to fill this gap: Each has its own semantic characteristics and the features are revealed in specific contextual structures. A sentence in the future tense means a guessed event, namely an unreal event which can be realized in most cases. High probability of realization is given in the context. The same applies to the imperfect subjunctive. A sentence in the imperfect subjunctive means either a potential or contrafactual event and each event demands a specific contextual condition.

텍스트 안의 문법 현상에 관하여: 특정 독일어 문법 사항들이 텍스트 결속을 이끌어내는 방식

김백기 ( Paig Ki Kim ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.72

One of the most controversial issues in linguistics is how to determine the concept of text. In order to define text, it is essential to obtain a proper understanding of text coherence. The previous studies of syntactic constructions tended to focus only on formal (semantic and syntactic) characteristics of the constructions, without considering the contextual environment surrounding the constructions in text. Little attention has been given on the linguistic role of text coherence and contextual interpretation. In this paper, I argue that in an examination of grammatical constructions contextual consideration of syntactic constructions is critical. It is suggested that coherence can be correctly interpreted on the basis of contextual consideration of linguistic expressions. I will show that some grammatical constructions like comparative expressions, pluperfect sentences, and counter- factual (subjunctive-mood) clauses, which are used in both spoken and written texts, can be properly understood only and only if their text coherence is captured by means of the discourse-level understanding of inherent linguistic features of the constructions.