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김갑(Gap Kim),성윤옥(Yoon Ok Sung) 한국경영사학회 2003 經營史學 Vol.32 No.-
E-commerce is causing an upheaval that is shaking the foundations of traditional business, Commerce in the pre-Internet age was very restricted compared to the possibilities the information technologies and the information infrastructure offers. The major limiting factors were time and space. Even if shops were open 24 hours a day, only a limited amount of customers can come to the location of the shop. The shop can also offer only a limited selection of goods, as space is limited on the premises of the shop. A shop on the Internet is unlimited in space and time. Instead of serving customers from nine to five, the customers are served around the clock in the electronic commerce, whenever a customer feels Iike needing a product. Also, there are no limits in the amount of products a shop can offer. Amazon, com offers about 5 million items to choose from. No physical book shop in the world possibly can carry that amount of items. The first wave of E-commerce was fundamentally the exchange of information. But, with time, more and more types of businesses have become available electronically. Nowadays we can buy goods online, book holidays or have tests translated over the Internet in an instant. Technology has revolutionized the way we can do business. In order to understand the significance of e-commerce, it is paramount to look into the evolutional development of e-commerce. In this article we have traced the evolution of e-commerce up until now, dividing into B2C and B2B. For B2C e-commerce, in the later part of 1970s Minitel in France allowed people to share information through computer network which was calIed as videotex. Home Shopping Network began its tv retailing in 1982, which was the first B2C e-commerce in the USA. Now HSN sells over 10 billion dollars a year. Along with tv home shopping, CD-ROM shopping was also introduced. Basically CD-ROM is a substitute for catalog advertising. Amazon began its service in 1995. One year later in 1996 CD Now, Internet Shopping Network, Travelocity, and Virtual Vineyards along with Amazon established themselves as leading online retailers. At around this time the traditional bricks and motors companies such as Barnes & Noble, Walmart, JC Penny, StarBucks, Godiva, and others made inroads into online businesses. Also, other types of e-commerce models such as e-mall and mall&mall began to appear. Like department store e-mall sells many different categories of goods whereas mall&mall contains many individual e-stores. In the year of 2000, Metamrket, M-commerce, and T-commerce were presented in the market. Metamarket is a site where various categories of goods and services are grouped by consumer’s behavior and sold. M(obi1e)-commerce is an application making the Internet access possible through the mobile telecommunication devices. T-commerce is an advanced home shopping using interactive tv. B2B e-commerce have existed long before Internet was developed. Repetitive businesses were handled through EDI which appeared in 1973. Utilization of EDI was very limited to big companies because of its costs. However, Internet made possible for B2B e-commerce to expand in a large way. It is expected that at the end of 2003 the size of B2B is, at least, 50% larger than that of B2C. Purchaser oriented marketplace in 1995, supplier oriented marketplace in 1996, and distributer oriented marketplace in 1999 were developed respectively. In 2000 consortiums were formed vertically and horizontally in B2B e-commerce. VerticaI consortiums are called as vertical hubs where specialized services are provided for a particular industry. Horizontal hubs provide the same business functions shared by the different industries. Adauction.com helps companies find ad agency for their promotional campaign.
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산업구조, 벤처전략 및 기업가 특성이 벤처성과에 미치는 영향
김갑,한상설 한국중소기업학회 1999 기업가정신과 벤처연구 Vol.2 No.1
In 1987, Sandberg and Hofer indicated that venture strategy, industrial structure, and the characteristic of entrepreneurs are key elements to new venture performance. and that interaction of industrial structure and venture strategy have a influence on new venture performance. They tried to explain the relationship between the key elements as a function of NVP= f(IS, S, E, I×S). Therefore, this study investigates the impact that venture business strategy, industrial structure and the characteristic of entrepreneurs have on venture performance. The study progressed in two phase : investigating literature and empirical testing. For empirical data for this study, 118 companies registered in KOSDAQ and 368 companies that are the members of the Korean Venture Association, are selected as subjects. The statistical techniques that are used to test proposition were T-test and ANOVA. The result of this study indicates that venture performance is determined by industrial structure, venture strategy, and the characteristic of entrepreneur. Also the interaction between industrial structure and venture strategy influences over venture performance. The result also proves that the key elements play a major role in the performance of Korean venture business.
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김갑 한국경영사학회 2002 經營史學 Vol.29 No.-
The notion of transaction has been considered to be central to the meaning of marketing. However, in the context of relationship marketing, the element of a continued relationships between marketing actors, including the buyer and seller, has begun to play a major role in marketing to the extent that these parties closely interact, not always for the purpose of exchange, but for other activities of value creation, such as joint production, research and development, and co-marketing partnerships. The emphasis on relationship exchange, as opposed to transaction exchange, is an outcome of paradigm shift in marketing. At this point, it is worthwhile to trace back the historical background of relationship marketing and thus, show how marketing practices have been and illustrate how relationship marketing have come into being. Marketing in the pre-industrial era is characterized by direct marketing practices of agricultural and artifact producers. This direct contact between producers and consumers is likely to lead to emotional relationship that transcends economic exchange. They know each other personally and understand and appreciated each others' needs, and thus, become more relationship oriented. In the industrial era, producers have to sell their goods through middlemen in order to take care of mass production, which results in separating the users from the producers. To the middlemen, the economics of transactions are more important. The middlemen are not particularly concerned with who the buyers are. Sometimes they handle transaction without ever seeing the goods and simply act as agents. Marketers became transaction-oriented and they became more concerned with sales and promotion of goods. However, as competition gets intensified, marketers start realizing that repeat purchase by customers is crucial, necessitating the pursuit of long-term relationships with customers. Technological advances make it possible for producers to keep track of customers and interact directly with the customers. Direct marketing and relationship marketing have reemerged in the marketing arena. As the emergence of relationship marketing is quite recent, research works on relationship marketing is far short, even though new researches are pouring out. We begin to see some researches on relationship marketing recently in Korea. However, we can find the initial work on the topic in Korea as early as that in American jounals.
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