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크로스 해프닝: 규칙과 환경이 교차하는 지점에서 일어나는 조직화된 우연 - 1960년대 해프닝과 드론 이벤트를 중심으로
권경아,윤준성 한국영상학회 2019 한국영상학회 논문집 Vol.17 No.3
본 논문은 해프닝의 실재성에 관한 고찰이다. 해프닝이 주로 전위 예술로서, 혹은 우연적 상황이나 즉시적 행위의 유발이라는 측면에 주목되면서, 해프닝이 우연(chance)과 비결정(indeterminacy)에 내포된 위험을 최소화해서 실행하는 것을 목적으로 하는 예술이라는 점이 종종 간과된다. 그러나 예술에서 해프닝이 규칙과 대상 사이에서 발생할 수 있는 예측 불가능한 사건, 즉 외부 환경과 행위자의 내적 규칙의 조우로부터 발생할 수 있는 우연을 조직화하기 위한 것이었음이 1960년대 전위 예술가들을 통해 확인된다. 특히 이들이 남긴 스코어(score)는 해프닝 당시에는 부각되지 않은 연출과 움직임으로부터 비롯된 행위의 다양성을 보여주면서, 어떤 규칙이 주어져야만 발생할 수 있는 것으로서 우연과 즉흥, 엄밀히 말해, ‘계획된 우연’과 ‘의도된 즉흥’으로서 해프닝을 설명한다. 본 논문은 최근 무인 항공기 드론을 이용한 사례 비교를 통해 뉴 미디어 아트에서도 이와 유사한 교차 및 조우가 이루어진다는 것을 확인하고, 해프닝을 ‘규칙과 환경이 교차하는 지점에서 일어나는 조직화된 우연’으로서 담론적 결론을 제시한다. This paper examines the reality of a happening. It is often overlooked that a happening is a type of art which aims to minimize the risks involved in chance and indeterminacy, with attention focused on the aspect of avant-garde art, or of the production of an accidental situation or the induction of immediate acts. However, it is confirmed that a happening in art was intended to organize the opportunities that could arise from unpredictable events that could occur between rules and objects, that is, from encounters with the intrinsic rules of actor and the external environment through avant-garde artists in the 1960s. In particular, the score explains a happening as a chance and improvisation, strictly speaking, a ‘planned coincidence’ and an ‘intended improvisation’ that can only occur if certain rules are given, while they show the diversity of behaviors stemming from the directing and movement not highlighted at the time of the event. This paper confirms similar intersections and encounters in new media art by comparing cases of the use of drones as an unmanned airplane and presents discursive conclusions pertaining to the ‘organized coincidence that takes place at the intersection of rules and the environment.’
권경아,윤진호,오성용,서봉근,이수이,이지현,김성현,최홍조,노미숙,김효진 대한암학회 2016 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.48 No.1
Purpose The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ ) is a nuclear receptor that regulates expression of mediators of lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response. Thyroid hor- mone receptor-associated proteins 220 (TRAP220) is an essential component of the TRAP/Mediator complex. The objective of this study was to clarify whether PPAR! or TRAP220 are significant prognostic markers in resectable colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and Methods A total of 399 patients who underwent curative resection for CRC were enrolled. We inves- tigated the presence of PPAR! and TARP220 in CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between the expression of these factors and clinico- pathologic features and survival was investigated. Results Median age of the patients was 63 years (range, 22 to 87 years), and median follow-up duration 61.1 months (range, 2 to 114 months). PPAR! and TRAP220 expression showed significant correlation with depth of invasion (p=0.013 and p=0.001, respectively). Expres- sion of TRAP220 also showed association with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (p=0.001). Compared with patients with TRAP220 negative tumors, patients with TRAP220 positive tumors had longer 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) tendency (p=0.051). Patients who were PPAR! positive combined with TRAP220 positive had a better 5-year DFS (64.8% vs. 79.3%, p=0.013). In multivariate analysis expression of both PPAR! and TRAP220 significantly affected DFS (hazard ratio, 0.620; 95% confidence interval, 0.379 to 0.997; p=0.048). Conclusion TRAP220 may be a valuable marker for nodal metastasis and TNM stage. Tumor co-expres- sion of PPARγ and TRAP220 represents a biomarker for good prognosis in CRC patients.