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구상엽 한국민사법학회 2013 民事法學 Vol.65 No.-
The adult guardianship system refers to a legal assistance programwhereby an adult guardian assists in the decision-making of or in lookingafter the rights and interests of another adult who is not mentally capableof taking care of his/her personal affairs or property. As the purpose ofdeclaring someone incompetent or quasi-incompetent is to protect thoselacking the ability to handle one's affairs due to mental incapacity, it maybe regarded as an example of adult guardianship. Yet, because declaring aperson incompetent may have a stigma effect and may excessively limithis/her legal capacity, it has not been properly utilized. With the dawn ofthe “welfare state” and an “aging society”, the paradigm for welfare haschanged from that based on “unilateral measures” to one based on“contracts” and the boundary between the legal and the welfare domainhave become very vague. As such, the adult guardianship system wassought as a comprehensive legal and welfare support system responding tothose that are in need of such support. With the revision of the civil codein March 2011, the new guardianship system was introduced. The fundamental idea behind the revision is to respect the intentionand capability of the ward, based on the principles of necessity,supplementarity and normalization. Therefore, the revised civil code clearlystates that the intention of the ward should always be respected at thecommencement of and throughout the entire period of the guardianship. In order to maximize the capability of the ward, various types ofguardianship are introduced. While previous incompetency-related measuresmostly focused on property matters, additional clauses were introducedenabling the guardian to more actively take care of the ward’s personalmatters, as long as it would not infringe upon the ward’s selfdetermination. Therefore, the new adult guardianship system isfundamentally different from the previous incompetence-based system. The adult guardianship system is significant in two aspects: first, it isthe first product of a long-term project to review the entire civil code,which has been revised very few times since its enactment in 1958;second, it marks an initial point for improving the interests of the disabledand the elderly through the revision of the civil code. Yet, there are manyissues to be resolved, for example, the concept and scope of personalaffairsprotection and the co-existing relationship between the variousadult guardianship programs. With the introduction of the adultguardianship system, there is also a need for a social basis which willensure its sound implementation. The basis of this dissertation was experience gained as a publicprosecutor in the Ministry of Justice responsible for introducing the adultguardianship system and the overall revision of the civil code. Therefore,the objective of this dissertation is to provide an in-depth analysis of thevalues and theoretical basis for successful implementation of the newlyintroducedadult guardianship system. It first introduces the rationale forand the guiding principles of the adult guardianship system, controversialissues and policy questions raised during the legislative process. Then, bycarefully analyzing the intention of the legislators, interpretation of variousclauses, desirable ways of operation and possible legislative improvementsare suggested. Finally, in order to ensure and strengthen the fairness and accessibility of adult guardianship system, measures to align relevant lawsand regulations with the revised civil code are examined.
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구상엽 민사판례연구회 2016 民事判例硏究 Vol.- No.38
고령화사회가 급속도로 심화되고 있는 우리나라에서 연명의료중단은 더 이상 먼 미래의 논의과제이거나 나와는 관계없는 남의 일이라고 할 수 없다. 이제는 삶의 복지뿐만 아니라 죽음의 복지에 대해서도 고민해야 할 때이다. 헌법재판소와 대법원은 대상결정과 대상판결을 통해 ‘죽음에 임박한 환자’ 내지 ‘회복불가능한 사망의 단계에 진입한 환자’에 대해서 ‘자기결정권’ 내지 ‘추정적 의사’를 근거로 연명의료중단의 길을 열어 놓았고, 국회에서는 관련 입법이 진행되고 있다. 따라서 향후 연명의료중단에 관한 논의는 그 대상 내지 허부(許否)에만 머물러서는 아니 되고, 그 절차와 한계로까지 확대되어야 한다. 특히 사전의료지시 등 본인 의사를 명시적으로 확인할 수 있는 자료가 희박한 상태에서 사실상 환자의 가족 등 제3자에 의해서 주도적으로 진행되는 연명의료중단에 대한 가치판단과 방향설정이 매우 어렵고도 중요한 문제이다. 이런 측면에서 볼 때 대상판결의 별개의견이 민법상 후견제도, 가사소송법·비송사건절차법상 가사비송사건절차 등과 연계하여 그 구체적인 근거 및 절차를 제시하면서 연명의료중단에 대한 사법적(司法的) 검증을 강조한 것은 매우 의미 있는 일이다. 대상판결 이후 민법 개정을 통해 도입된 성년후견제도는 장애인의 인권보호뿐만 아니라 고령화사회의 복지증진을 위하여 탄생했다는 연원적 특성을 가지고 있으며, 이를 위하여 신상보호 기능을 대폭 강화하였다. 또한 신상보호가 남용되지 않도록 금치산·한정치산제도보다 본인의 의사와 현존능력을 존중하는 한편, 법원의 심사와 감독을 한층 엄격히 요구하고 있다. 이와 같은 입법 취지와 개선 내용에 비추어 볼 때 별개의견이 금치산·한정치산제도를 원용했던 것에 비해서 성년후견제도를 원용하여 연명의료중단과 관련된 난제(難題)들을 풀어갈 수 있는 가능성이 더욱 커졌다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대상결정과 대상판결을 분석하면서 연명의료중단의 절차와 검증과 관련된 성년후견제도의 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 다만, 생명이 가지는 고귀한 가치와 막중한 무게를 생각하면 연명의료중단에 대한 구체적인 입법에 있어서 거듭 신중한 논의와 폭넓은 사회적 합의가 필요하다는 것은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않을 것이다. With the dawn of the “welfare state” and an “aging society”, the paradigm for welfare has changed and the welfare of “death” has become as important as that of “life”. As such, withdrawing of life sustaining treatment is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed in an aging society. Recently, the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court held in favor of withdrawing life sustaining treatment within narrow limits, and the related bills were submitted to the National Assembly. Therefore, it is time to cautiously discuss the process by which withdrawal of life sustaining treatment may be implemented, especially when the patient has not given advance directives. With the revision of the Civil Code in March 2011, the new guardianship system called “the adult guardianship system” was introduced. The adult guardianship system refers to a legal assistance program whereby an adult guardian assists in the decision-making of, or in looking after the rights and interests of, another adult who is not mentally capable of taking care of his/her personal affairs or property. This guardianship system could provide a new angle to the issue of withdrawing life sustaining treatment, because it was introduced to improve the welfare of the elderly in an aging society and to further protect personal affairs under the supervision of the court. This study focuses on analysing the precedents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court and presents the implications the new adult guardianship system may have on the issue of withdrawing life sustaining treatment. However, we can never be overly cautious with legislation for withdrawal of life sustaining treatment as the value of every human life is one of the first priorities of the Constitution.
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