우리나라 보건지표의 지역 격차: 지경학적 고찰과 대응방안

김춘배 ( Chun-bae Kim ),정무권 ( Moo-kwon Chung ),공인덕 ( In Deok Kong ) 한국보건행정학회 2018 보건행정학회지 Vol.28 No.3

By the end of 2017, in a world of 7.6 billion people, there were inequalities in healthcare indices both within and between nations, and this gap continues to increase. Therefore, this study aims to understand the current status of regional inequalities in healthcare indices and to find an action plan to tackle regional health inequality through a geo-economic review in Korea. Since 2008, there was great inequality in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy by region in not only metropolitan cities but also districts in Korea. While the community health statistics from 2008-2017 show a continuous increase of inequality during the last 10 years in most healthcare indices related to noncommunicable diseases (except for some, like smoking), the inequality has doubled in 254 districts. Furthermore, health inequality intensified as the gap between urban (metropolitan cities) and rural regions (counties) for rates of obesity (self-reported), sufficient walking practices, and healthy lifestyle practices increased from twofold to fivefold. However, regionalism and uneven development are natural consequences of the spatial perspective caused by state-lead developmentalism as Korea has fixed the accumulation strategy as its model for growth with the background of export-led industrialization in the 1960s and heavy and chemical industrialization in the 1970s, although the Constitution of the Republic of Korea recognizes the legal value of balanced development within the regions by specifying “the balanced development of the state” or “ensuring the balanced development of all regions.” In addition, the danger of a 30% decline or extinction of local government nationwide is expected by 2040 as we face not only a decline in general and ageing populations but also the era of the demographic cliff. Thus, the government should continuously operate the “Special Committee on Regional Balanced Development” with a government-wide effort until 2030 to prevent disparities in the health conditions of local residents, which is the responsibility of the nation in terms of strengthening governance. To address the regional inequalities of rural and urban regions, it is necessary to re-adjust the basic subsidy and cost-sharing rates with local governments of current national subsidies based mainly on population scale, financial independence of local government, or distribution of healthcare resources and healthcare indices (showing high inequalities) overall.

우리나라 암환자의 의료기관 접근성의 지역간 불균형

문연옥(Yeon Ok Moon),박은철(Eun Cheol Park),신해림(Hai Rim Shin),원영주(Young Joo Won),정규원(Kyu Won Jung),황순영(Soon Young Hwang),이진희(Jin Hee Lee),공현주(Hyun Joo Kong),황승식(Seung Sik Hwang),이종구(Jong Koo Lee),공인식(In Sik 한국역학회 2006 Epidemiology and Health Vol.28 No.2

  Objectives: To investigate the differences in accessing regional hospitals and the utilization rate of hospitals located in other regions for cancer patients by regions.   Methods: Data for the utilization of regional hospitals for cancer patients were obtained from the Korean National Cancer Incidence Databases in 1999 and 2002. We divided the regions into 16 provinces by administrative districts. We using the SAS 9.1.3 to analyze difference of regional self-sufficiency and the Arcview 3.2 to show in a schematize for regional variation of the regional self-sufficiency.   Results: There were regional variations in the regional self-sufficiency of cancer patients. Especially, Jeollanamdo(1999 13.6%, 2002 12.8%), Gyeongsangbuk-do(1999 22.0%, 2002 20.7%), and Chungcheongnam-do(1999 27.8%, 2002 27.1%) had low regional self-sufficiency. The regional self-sufficiency in Gyeonggi-do and utilization rate of cancer patients who lived in other regions were increased between 1999 and 2002(regional self-sufficiency: 1999 37.2%, 2002 48.2%).   Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there were regional variation in utilization of regional hospitals for cancer patients. Accessibility of cancer patients in metropolitan areas was higher than in small size cities, medium size cities, and rural county areas. These results suggested that it should be considered support medical facilities for cancer patients in rural areas where have lower relevance rate.

대청댐 저층 퇴적물 박테리아 군집과 활성 평가

공인철 ( In Chul Kong ),이용상 ( Yo Sang Lee ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2003 환경영향평가 Vol.12 No.1

Bacterial activities of dam reservior sediments were assssed using the methods of viable countes,ATP contents,dehydrogence a activity, and oxygen consumption.Viable heterorophs in collected sediments were observed in the range of 10^6∼10^10 CFU/g dry wt. sediments all assessed methods showed high activities in sediment samples collected from near dam site. In additionm bacteria increase in sediments amended wth cellulose, starch, lipid, and protein compounds, Various ranges of sediciotics and heavy metals resistance bateria were also detected, 10∼100 times less numbers of Cd resistance bacteria were also detedcted were observed compared with thodse of Pb and Cr.In general, antibionresistance grops were in the range of 10^-1∼10^_6 Tmes of cintrol.

고정화한 유전자 재조합 균주 Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KG1206의 톨루엔 계열 화합물에 대한 생물발광 활성 조사

공인철(In Chul Kong),정홍경(Hong Kyung Jung),고경석(Kyung Seok Ko) 大韓環境工學會 2009 대한환경공학회지 Vol.31 No.2

본 연구에서는 톨루엔 계열 화합물로 오염된 환경에 대해 고정화한 유전자 재조합 균주 KG1206의 적용 가능성에 대해 조사하였다. 재조합 균주 KG1206은 직접 유도제인 m-toluate, benzoate 뿐만 아니라 톨루엔, 자일렌 이성질체가 간접 유도제로서 발광 활성을 나타낸다. 연구에 의해 결정된 고정화 프로토콜의 최적 조건은 다음과 같다: 균주 농도(1:1 (v/v)), 오염원 용액(인산염 완충액), 발광 측정에 필요한 비드 수(4개), 5가지 오염원에 대한 최대 발광 활성은 일반적으로 m-toluate>p-xylene>톨루엔>o-xylene>m-xylene 순으로 나타났다. 생물발광과 오염원 감소는 HPLC로 확인하였으며, 고정 균주에 의해 초기 5 mM m-toluate는 5시간 배양 후 약 48%의 감소율을 나타내었으며 계속 분해되는 경향이 관찰되었다. 알긴산 균주 고정화에 대한 본 연구 결과는 톨루엔 계열 화합물을 함유한 석유계 탄화수소에 오염된 특정 환경을 생물학적 모니터링에 유용한 방법으로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. In this study, the applicability of alginate-immobilized Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KG1206 on the environments, contaminated with toluene analogs was conducted. Genetically engineered strain KG1206 produces light by direct (m-toluate, benzoate) and indirect (toluene, xylenes) inducers. The protocol for the alginate-immobilization was determined in terms of the cell to alginate ratio, solution, proper number of alginate beads, and other conditions. Maximum bioluminescences of five chemicals by immobilized strain were generally observed in following orders: m-toluate>p-xylene>toluene>o-xylene>m-xylene. In relationship between bioluminescence activity and inducer reduction, initial m-toluate (5 mM) in solution was removed approximately 48% of initial at 5 h exposure, showing continuous decrease of inducer chemical in solution. These results of study with alginate-immobilized beads would be useful, especially, for biomonitoring of contaminated environments with specific compounds, such as petroleum hydrocarbon compounds including toluene analogs.

Protease-Activated Receptor-2 (PAR-2) 억제제 Pal-KTTKS 펩타이드 탐색 및 이를 함유한 국소도포제에 의한 아토피피부염의 임상적 호전

이윤희 ( Yoon Hee Lee ),김민정 ( Min Jung Kim ),공인덕 ( In Duck Kong ),류종석 ( Jong Sung Ryu ),장민열 ( Min Yeol Jang ),이천구 ( Cheon Gu Lee ),최응호 ( Eung Ho Choi ) 대한피부과학회 2010 대한피부과학회지 Vol.48 No.11

Background: Serine protease promotes desquamatation of the stratum corneum and this is controlled by serine protease inhibitors (SPI). After disruption of the skin barrier, signals for barrier recovery are started with the activation of cytokines and a migration of calcium ions. On the other hand, the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) pathway is initiated as a negative signal. As the pH of the stratum corneum become neutral, activated serine protease and PAR-2 inhibit the secretion of lamellar bodies and the formation of the lamellar structure. Objective: We wanted to screen noble synthetic peptides and identify the efficacy of a selected peptide, Palmitic acid-Lysine Threonine Threonine Lysine Serine (Pal-KTTKS), on PAR-2 in vitro and in vivo, and a clinical study was performed. Methods: In vitro: Changes of the intracellular calcium ion concentration were measured in cultured HaCaT cells by fluorescence imaging according to treatment with sample peptides and trypsin. In vivo animal study: The efficacy of 2% Pal-KTTKS cream as a selected noble peptide was evaluated in an oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis animal model. Clinical study: A total of twenty three atopic dermatitis patients applied 2.5% Pal-KTTKS peptide-containing cream on the one side of their extremities and pseudo-ceramide containing moisturizer on the other side of the extremities as a control twice a day for 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was evaluated by the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI) score, a subject questionnaire and comparison of photographs. Results: Suppression of the intracellular calcium concentration via PAR-2 inhibition was noted in the Pal-KTTKS peptide treated cultured HaCaT cells. In the oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis hairless mice model, 2% Pal-KTTKS peptide containing lotion was more effective than vehicle lotion only. In the atopic dermatitis patients, the sites treated with 2.5% Pal-KTTKS peptide-containing cream showed better improvement for the EASI score, the subject questionnaire and the clinical photographs as compared to that of the control sites. There were no remarkable side effects related to the treatment. Conclusion: A PAR-2 inhibitor-containing topical agent would be an effective and safe modality for treating atopic dermatitis. (Korean J Dermatol 2010;48(11):966∼974)

양어장수내의 암모니아성 질소제거를 위한 질화세균군의 고정화

김성구(Sung Koo Kim),서재관(Jae Koan Seo),이종석(Jong Seok Lee),공인수(In Soo Kong),서근학(Kuen hack Suh) 한국수산과학회 1997 한국수산과학회지 Vol.30 No.5

The immobilization of a microorganism has been rapidly progressed with the development of biotechnology in recent years. Although it has been used as a tool to isolate products from biological media in various areas, it has not yet been practiced in the treatment of waste water. In this paper, we suggest a possibility to apply the immobilization technique in the recirculating aquaculture system. We examined the ability of NH₄^+ removal by nitrifier consortium immobilized in Ba^(++)-alginate, κ-carrageenan and agar bead at the concentration of 50g/L, respectively. In order to use the immobilized nitrifier consortium as media in the fludized bed reactor, the strength of bead was measured. Ba^(++)-alginate as a support material showed higher strength of bead. Also, the nitrifier consortium immobilized in Ba^(++)-alginate showed higher nitrification activity that could remove 20㎎/L ammonium ion than those immobilized in other two support materials, carrageenan and agar. The immobilized nitrifier consortium showed better nitrification activity than free nitrifier consortium.

기상위험 조기경보를 위한 웹기반 표출시스템 구현

공인학(Kong, In Hak),김홍중(Kim, Hong Joong),오재호(Oh, Jai Ho),이양원(Lee, Yang Won) 대한공간정보학회 2016 대한공간정보학회지 Vol.24 No.4

호우, 폭염, 한파와 같은 기상재해를 미연에 방지하기 위해서는 기상예측이 매우 중요하다. 우리나라 기상청에서는 현재시점의 기상특보를 제공하고 있고, 농촌진흥청에서는 농장재해에 대한 2일 예보를 일부 지역에 대해 시범서비스 하고 있다. 이러한 기상위험 조기경보 시스템의 발전을 위해서는 전국적인 고해상도 예측자료와 Web GIS가 통합될 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 1시간 간격, 1km 해상도의 수치예보 자료와 Web GIS가 통합된 형태의 기상위험 조기경보 서비스의 프로토타입 개발을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 전지구모델 GME의 다운스케일링을 통해 시공간 분해능이 향상된 기상위험 예측자료가 Web GIS를 통해 표출되도록 하였으며, 오픈소스 기반의 지도 API와 JavaScript 라이브러리의 시각화기법을 결합하여 동적 인터액션이 가능한 사용자 인터페이스를 구성하였다. 711,504개 격자점에 대하여 1시간 간격의 위도, 경도, 기온, 강수량 등 9개 항목으로 이루어진 대량의 데이터를 관리하기 위하여 오픈소스 기반의 DBMS인 PostgreSQL을 사용하였으며, Spring과 myBatis를 연동하여 전자정부 프레임웍 기반의 웹서비스를 구성하였다. 이 시스템은 현재의 기상위험 상황에 대한 정보뿐만 아니라, 향후 7일간의 호우, 폭염, 한파 등 기상위험 예측정보가 1시간 간격 및 읍면동 단위로 제공된다. 이 시스템이 현업운용 되기 위해서는 수치예보의 정확도 향상과 함께 래스터 및 벡터 자료의 전처리시간 단축이 향후과제로서 해결되어야 할 것이다. Numeric weather prediction is important to prevent meteorological disasters such as heavy rain, heat wave, and cold wave. The Korea meteorological administration provides a realtime special weather report and the rural development administration demonstrates information about 2-day warning of agricultural disasters for farms in a few regions. To improve the early warning systems for meteorological hazards, a nation-wide high-resolution dataset for weather prediction should be combined with web-based GIS. This study aims to develop a web service prototype for early warning of meteorological hazards, which integrates web GIS technologies with a weather prediction database in a temporal resolution of 1 hour and a spatial resolution of 1 km. The spatially and temporally high-resolution dataset for meteorological hazards produced by downscaling of GME was serviced via a web GIS. In addition to the information about current status of meteorological hazards, the proposed system provides the hourly dong-level forecasting of meteorologic hazards for upcoming seven days, such as heavy rain, heat wave, and cold wave. This system can be utilized as an operational information service for municipal governments in Korea by achieving the future work to improve the accuracy of numeric weather predictions and the preprocessing time for raster and vector dataset.

두유에서 Sacchasomyces uvarum 과 Lactobacillus acidophilus의 혼합배양

공인수,이정수,정용준,류인덕,오두환,유주현,Kong, In-Soo,Lee, Jung-Soo,Chung, Yong-Joon,Lew, In-Deok,Oh, Doo-Whan,Yu, Ju-Hyun 한국식품과학회 1987 한국식품과학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Sacchasomyces uvarum과 Lactobacillus acidophilus를 두유에서 단독 및 혼합배양하였을때 산생성에 미치는 조건은 검토하였다. 접종비율에 의한 산생성은 L. acidophilus와 S. uvarum의 접종비가 2 : 1일때 가장 높은 산도를 보였으며 배양시간은 16시간부터 높은 산도를 유지하였다. 배양온도는 $37^{\circ}C$가 가장 좋았으며 두유에 sucrose를 첨가하여 단독배양하면 산생성의 증가는 없었으나 혼합배양한 결과 산도가 증가하였다. Sucrose 2%와 skim milk 3%를 첨가하여 혼합배양하면 두유만을 사용하여 혼합배양한 것에 비하여 약4배의 산생성 증가를 보였다. S. uvarum의 두유 배양여액을 열처리하지 않고 두유에 첨가하여 L. acidophilus를 단독배양하면 단독배양만으로도 높은 산생성을 보여주었으나 열처리한 배양여액이 첨가된 두유에 L. acidophilus를 단독배양하면 산생성의 증가가 전혀 나타나지 않았다. Among the several lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus showed the highest acid production when it was cultured mixed with Sacchasomyces uvarum in soymilk. The highest acid production was obtained in 16 hrs of cultivation when the inoculation ratio of L. acidophilus and S. uvarum was 2:1 and the temperature was $30{\sim}37^{\circ}C$. The acid production was greatly enhanced by the addition of 2.0% sucrose. However, skim milk was not stimulatory in mixed culture. During mixed culture in soymilk, acid production was affected by the enzymatic reaction of yeast.

사람 망막아세포종 세포에 발현된 니코틴성 수용체의 특성

김대란,차승규,공인덕,정세환,라상훈.Dae-Ran Kim. Ph.D.. Seung-Kyu Cha. Ph.D.. In-Deok Kong. M.D.. Se-Hwan Jung. M.D. Sang Hoon Rah. M.D. 대한안과학회 2005 대한안과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Purpose: To identify the characteristics and physiological function of the nicotinic receptor expressed in human retinoblastoma cells. Methods: We measured possible nicotinic signaling in WERI-Rb-1 cells using the Ca2+ imaging technique and the patch clamp method. Results: 1) Nicotine-induced [Ca2+]i rise arose entirely through Ca2+ influx, which was completely abolished by hexamethonium (100 μM). 2) Nicotine also induced remarkable depolarization from -56.6±3.7 mV to -29.6±3.6 mV (n=4) under current clamp mode, but it failed to directly activate the T-type Ca2+ channel expressed in retinoblastoma cells. Conclusions: Nicotinic activation can increase the intracellular calcium level through calcium influx in the undifferentiated retinoblastoma cells, which may play important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death.

Mouse Leukemia 세포에서 Adenosine 5'-triphosphate에 의한 Apoptosis

주난영,박규상,정해숙,공인덕,이중우,Joo, Nan-Young,Park, Kyu-Sang,Chung, Hae-Sook,Kong, In-Deok,Lee, Joong-Woo 대한약리학회 1997 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.1 No.6

Extracellular ATP elicits various biological responses and plays a significant role in physiological regulation. Recently, ATP-induced growth inhibitions were reported in some tumor cell lines, but these effects and mechanisms are not well hewn. This study was conducted to investigate ATP-induced growth inhibition in mouse $leukemic(P388D_1)$ cells. ATP inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner as analyzed by MTS assay$(IC_{50}: 33.1\;{\mu}M)$. Nucleotides other than ATP, such as ADP$(37.5;{\mu}M)$ and AMP$(33.2;{\mu}M)$ had the same effects as ATP but adenosine$(57.8;{\mu}M)$ showed less effect than ATP. ATP attenuated the cells in $G_0/G_l\;and\;G_2/M$ phases but increased those in S phase in flow cytometric analysis. Hypodiploid cells$(A_0)$, the presumptive findings of apoptosis, were found among the ATP-treated cells. ATP induced DNA fragmentation into $180{\mu}200\;bps $as measured by electrophoresis. some apoptotic cells were stained by TUNEL method. ATP increased the intracellular free $Ca^{++}$concentration$([Ca^{++}]_i)$ and the increment of $([Ca^{++}]_i)$ was caused by influx from the extracellular space. These results suggest that extracellular ATP induces growth inhibition through apoptosis.