율리우스 에볼라(Julius Evola)와 근대 일본 선

강지언(Kang, Ji-Eon) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2020 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.90

율리우스 에볼라(Julius Evola, 1898-1974)는 1920-70년대 활동한 이탈리아의 사상가로 현재 구미 신 우파 및 네오파시즘의 사상적 아버지이다. 그런데 그가 당시 유럽에서 인정받는 불교연구가로 서구 지식인들에게 상당한 영향을 끼쳤다는 점은 국내외 학계에서 다루어지지 않았다. 특히 그는 초기불교에 비해 대승불교를 낮게 평가하던 서구인들에게 선(禪)만큼은 붓다의 가르침을 잇는 뛰어난 불교 전통이라고 주장하였다. 그러나 그의 불교 연구에는 누카리야 카이텐(忽滑谷 快天, 1867-1934), 스즈키 다이세츠(鈴木 大拙, 1870-1966) 등 일본 사상가들이 만들어낸 ‘근대 일본 불교’와 ‘일본인론’이 뒤섞여 있다. 본 연구는 에볼라의 불교 연구를 중심으로 근대 일본 사상가들과의 연관성을 살펴보며 동서양 상호교섭이 만들어낸 근대 선불교를 비판적으로 검토한다. 특히 이들의 저술에 나타나는 ‘개인’, ‘경험’, ‘특별한 집단’이라는 개념과 틀이 서구 근대의 산물로서 불교 전통과는 부합하지 않음을 밝힌다. 나아가 구미와 일본에서 현재에도 지속되고 있는 이들의 영향을 살펴본다. 한국은 일제강점기, 해방, 전쟁 등 격동의 근현대사에서 서구와 일본에 영향을 받은 불교학이 정착되었다. 따라서 에볼라, 누카리야, 스즈키에 대한 고찰은 일정 부분 한국 불교학에 대한 고찰이기도 하다. 본 연구는 ‘동서양 종교학사’라는 넓은 틀에서 불교 전통과 불교학 간의 불연속성을 검토하는 시도로, 근대 불교의 형성과 전개에 관한 비판적 연구의 필요성을 확인하고자 한다. Julius Evola (1898-1974), a prominent political thinker in New Right and Neofascism, indulged in studies on Eastern religious traditions, including Buddhism. Academic fields have not paid much attention to his interpretation of Buddhism. However, he played a significant role in changing Western intellectuals negativity toward Buddhism and especially in establishing the stereotype that Zen was superior to other East Asian Buddhist traditions and that Japan, where most people kept the Zen tradition as a living culture, was better than other nations in Westerners’ minds. However, his Buddhist studies relied on ‘Modern Zen’ and ‘nihonjinron’ (日本人論), which were articulated in the Meiji period by Modern Japanese Buddhist thinkers like Kaiten Nukariya and D. T. Suzuki. Those who were educated in Western and tried to apology Japanese Zen against Western culture and Christianity under the influence of Japanese nationalism, rendered Zen through Western concepts and frames which could be proper to fascinate Orientalists like Evola. This study critically examines Evolas Buddhist studies, comparing Modern Zen thinkers, and points out they actually turned to the products of Modern Western thought, for example, the concepts and frames of ‘Individual,’ ‘Experience,’ and either spiritually or ethnically ‘The selected group,’ which could be used to contradict the basic doctrines of Buddhism. This speculation regarding Buddhist studies based on ‘Eastern-Western history of Religious studies’ is especially needed given the fact that these thinkers and their works still form a key part of Buddhist studies today. And in that these Modern Buddhism, a mixture of East-Western thoughts, also settled down in Korea during the Japanese colonial period, it could be important for us to understand Modern Korean Buddhism and Buddhist studies. The gap between premodern Asian Buddhist literatures and Modern Buddhist studies might offer new possibilities for studies.

고적답사보고서 : 신복사지 삼층석탑

강지언(Ji Eon Kang) 이화여자대학교 사학회 1982 梨大史苑 Vol.18-19 No.-

문화 체계로서의 신 유대 집단(New Jewish Group) 종교 연구 - 안드라프라데시와 뉴멕시코를 중심으로 -

강지언 ( Ji-eon Kang ) 서울대학교 종교문제연구소 2016 종교와 문화 Vol.0 No.30

Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, the statuses of Jews and Judaism has changed in affirmative ways. In this climate, some people from various countries, including America, Russia, India, Sudan, Myanmar, etc., came on the scene of Judaism and Jewish culture, claiming they were actually Jews. They are called ‘New Jewish Groups’, ‘Near-Jewish Groups’, or ‘Judaising/Judaizing Movement Communities’ in the academic field. The researches on them are still in the early stages and they are usually considered as marginal subjects in Jewish studies. These New Jewish Groups have a significant difference compared to other diaspora Jewish groups, in that they had been severed the connection to normative Judaism and Jewish culture. They claimed that they had lost/hidden their identity as Jews at a certain point in the history and had to have conformed to local condition, but now they could regain/disclose their true nature. That is, New Jewish Groups were considerably influenced by local culture and environment. So it could be useful to examine their religiosity in the light of the theory of a cultural anthropologist, Clifford Geertz, who interpreted religion as a cultural system. The cases of local Jewish groups in Andhra Pradesh and New Mexico could show the utility of Geertz’s perspective on the interpretation of religiosity and culture on New Jewish Groups. ‘Bene Ephraim’ in Andhra Pradesh is a small Indian Jewish people who believe that they are the children of Ephraim. Their social and economic status as the untouchable, is the key element that made their Judaism particular. They have formed a distinctive culture by reinterpreting their former customs and thoughts as a Hindu traditional class in Jewish ways. ‘New Mexico Crypto-Jews’ are the descendants of Jews in the Iberian peninsula. From 16th century to 19th century, Judaism was condemned as a heresy and Jewish descendants were forced to convert to a Catholic in New Mexico. Among these new converts, there were people who covertly followed ‘Law of Moses’. To avoid accusation of the inquisition, they practiced their Judaism secretly and passed on it as a family tradition. In this process, their Judaism got particular features differentiated from other Jewish groups in America. These religious aspects ‘Bene Ephraim’ and ‘New Mexico Crypto-Jews’ can be interpreted by the concepts of ‘model’, ‘motivation’, ‘mood’, ‘order of existence’, and ‘factuality’ in Geertz’s theory. Furthermore, they now interact with the broader category, Modern Judaism/Jewish culture and facilitate the Jewish studies on various fields, including anthropology, sociology, genetics, and This paper tries to introduce the newly emergence of local Jewish groups, examining their religious characters by Geertz’s theory based on his definition of religion as a cultural system. And leading on from Geertz’s stress on local knowledge and particularity, this paper also tries to consider the relationship between these local Jewish groups and Modern Judaism/Jewish culture, and the possibility of further academic studies.

서구명상학(Contemplative Studies)과 한국에서의 적용 가능성 연구

강지언 ( Kang Ji-eon ) 한국종교학연구회 2018 宗敎學硏究 Vol.36 No.-

This Paper examines on Contemplative Studies (CS) in the West and Its adaptability in Korea. CS is an interdisciplinary field focusing on practices and experiences related to contemplation and meditation. There are various elements of western society in the background of CS, and the same phenomenon can be found contemporary Korea religious phenomenon. But there was a rare study about considerations on the environments about the western that can foster CS. This paper introduces sociocultural context, attributes, discourse on western CS and explores its adaptability in a particular Korean religious situation and studies. The emergence of CS lies on critical reflection of postmodernism, brisk studies on human consciousness in multiple fields and change of academy and the public about contemplation and meditation. Now these became a way of living in many westerns. CS shows some peculiar features from previous academic religious studies, which are ‘open to first-person critical study’, ‘interdisciplinary(including study and pedagogy)’, ‘focusing on context of religious tradition’. and the current criticism on CS has two parts, which are ‘subjectivity’ and ‘tradition centering’. Korea has multi-religiosity and the social perception of meditation changes from the Buddhist tradition to the therapeutic method for well-being along with western post secular society. So Korean CS can improve for grasping multi-layered religiosity in Korea and methodological development in religious studies and from the de-westernized critical reflection of Korea religious studies can contribute to CS.

고려말 윤소종의 정치활동 연구

강지언 ( Ji Eon Kang ) 이화여자대학교 사학회 1995 梨大史苑 Vol.28 No.-

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위화도 회군과 그 추진 세력에 대한 검토

강지언(Ji Eon Kang) 이화사학연구소 1993 梨花史學硏究 Vol.20-21 No.-

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노년기 우울증 환자의 하지불안증후군의 임상적 중요성

송재민,박준혁,강지언,이창인,Song, Jae Min,Park, Joon Hyuk,Kang, Ji Eon,Lee, Chang In 대한생물정신의학회 2014 생물정신의학 Vol.21 No.3

Objectives Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder characterized by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs and an urge to move the legs, usually at night. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of RLS in patients with late life depression and its influence on various clinical outcomes such as severity of depression, sleep quality, cognitive function, and quality of life and accordingly, to elucidate the clinical significance of RLS in patients with late life depression (LLD). Methods This study enlisted 170 depressive patients aged 65 years or older from an outpatient clinic. Structured diagnostic interviews were performed using the Korean version of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. All patients completed the questionnaires, including the International RLS Severity Scale, the Korean version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The severity of depression was evaluated by the Korean form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) and the level of global cognition was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (MMSE-KC). Results The incidence of RLS was 17.6% in LLD patients. RLS was more prevalent among the subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) than those with minor depressive disorder or subsyndromal depressive disorder. The RLS group showed higher score in the KGDS than the Non-RLS group but the difference did not reach the statistical significance (p = 0.095, Student t-test). The mean PSQI score was significantly higher in the RLS group than in the Non-RLS group (p = 0.001, Student t-test). The MMSE-KC score was also lower in the RLS group than in Non-RLS group (p = 0.009, analysis of covariance). But, there was no difference in the score of SF-36 between the RLS group and the Non-RLS group. Conclusions RLS is common in LLD patients, especially in the patients with MDD and is associated with poor sleep quality and cognitive dysfunction, indicating that RLS is clinically significant in patients with LLD. Therefore, RLS should be considered as an important clinical issue in the management of LLD.

여성 알코올중독 환자의 인격 특성에 관한 연구

성상경(Sang-Kyung Sung),강지언(Ji-Eon Kang),김임렬(Im-yel Kim),함웅(Woong Hahm) 한국중독정신의학회 1998 중독정신의학 Vol.2 No.1

Objectives:This study was performed to identify the characteristics of alcoholics by comparing the characteristics of male and female alcoholics with those of a control group and to make therapeutic consideration for female alcoholics by using the identified characteristics of female alcoholics. Subjects and Methods:1) Subjects:We made two experimental groups composed of male alcoholics (N=34) and female alcoholics (N=34) who had been admitted to Keyo Hospital from January 1992 to May 1996 and one control (normal female adult) group (N=34) composed of students, the hospital personnel, and their family members. We controlled the age and the number to compare the groups. The average age of female alcoholics was 41.12±9.9, male alcoholics 41.23±10.22, and the control group 39.47±12.80. All male and female patients satisfied the DSM-Ⅲ-R criteria of alcohol dependence. 2) Method:We reviewed the patients’ charts and used a demographic statistical questionnaire and MMPI questionnaire. 3) Data analysis:Student’s t-test and chi-square test were used where appropriate. All statistical analyses were carried out with SPSSPC+Version 4.0 software. A probability of p<0.05 (two-tailed) was accepted as statistically significant. Result:1) The demographical statistics showed that the education level, economic status, and occupational status of the male and female patient groups were significantly different from those of the female control group. 2) As regards the drinking history, the reason for alcohol drinking and use of other substances, there was no difference between the male and female patient groups. But the female patient group was significantly different from the female control group. 3) When the characteristics of the male and female patient groups were compared through mean MMPI T-scores, they were not significantly different from each other. But the female patient group was significantly different from the female control group. 4) The code type comparison showed that the female and male patient groups marked higher frequency of Pd scale score on one code digit than the female control group. Also the female patient group had higher frequency of characterological profile by Lachar classification on two code digit than the female control group. Conclusion:Therefore female alcoholics are different from normal female adults. They are more impulsive and antisocial. And they have marital problem, anxiety, insomnia, and affective problem.

자궁내막증의 이형 접합성 소실에 대한 연구

이민아 ( Lee Min A ),이윤이 ( Lee Yun I ),노흥태 ( No Heung Tae ),구선회 ( Gu Seon Hoe ),강지언 ( Kang Ji Eon ) 대한산부인과학회 2003 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.46 No.9

목적 : 자궁내막증은 자궁내막조직이 자궁내강 이외의 부위에서 증식하는 질환으로 정의할 수 있으며 그 발생 빈도가 흔한 부인과 질환이다. 비록 이 질환이 일반적으로 양성 질환으로 여겨지고 있으나 악성 변화가 알려져 왔으며 이는 보통 자궁내막양 난소암과 관련되어 발견되고 있다. 저자들은 자궁내막증의 병인론과 관련된 유전자 변화를 확인하기 위해 이형 접합성 소실 (LOH) 분석을 시행하였다. 연구 방법 : 27예의 자궁내막증 조직을 연구에 이용하였으며 5종의 Objective : Endometriosis is a very common gynecological condition in which tissue similar to endometrium proliferates at sites outside the uterine cavity. Although it generally remain a benign condition, malignant transformation has been documented, and

李仁任 執權期 政治勢力과 政局動向

강지언 梨花女子大學校 史學硏究所 1995 梨花史學硏究 Vol.22 No.-