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한우 포유모우의 산유량 및 유성분에 관한 연구 2 . 포유모우의 산유량에 관한 연구
강수원,정연후,손용석 ( S . W . Kang,Y . H . Chung,Y . S . Son ) 한국축산학회 1991 한국축산학회지 Vol.33 No.1
This experiment was carried out to investigate dam`s milk secretion potential as well as the individual factors affecting the milk yield in nursing Korean native cows. The milk yield of each cow was measured by the newly developed milking procedure in which a portable vacumn-operated bucket milker was used at two quarters of each cow`s udder while the calf was simultaneously suckling at the other two teats. One hundred and two nursing cow-calf pairs were examined for 5 years from Feb. 1985 to Oct. 1989. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The average daily and total milk yield of dams for 180 days was 3.49 and 627.5kg, respectively. although great individual difference in daily milk production existed ranging from 6.20 to 1.60kg. 2. The average daily milk yield measured at 30 day intervals from 1 to 6 months after parturition was 4.73, 4.34, 3.70, 3.21, 2.73 and 2.20kg, respectively. 3. Maximum point of the average daily milk yield was within the 10th day after parturition, thereafter milk production was linearly decreased by 0.017kg per day through remaining lactation period. 4. Dam`s parity, age and body weight immediately after parturition had a quadratic effect on milk yield reaching its maximum at 5.5th parity, 1 t years old and 467.5kg, respectively. 5. When the body measurements of dam and milk yield was correlated right after calving, higher milk yield was obtained with increasing body-length, withers-height, chest-depth and rump-length. The highest amount of milk was produced when the ratio of withers-height to the body weight was about 4 to 1.
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Holstein과 교잡종 거세우 및 처녀우의 성장발육, 사료이용성 및 도체특성 비교 연구
강수원,오영균,김경훈,최창원,손용석,Kang, S.W.,Oh, Y.K.,Kim, K.H.,Choi, C.W.,Son, Y.S. 한국축산학회 2005 한국축산학회지 Vol.47 No.4
Holstein 및 교잡종(Holstein♀×한우♂)의 거세우 및 처녀우 각 8두씩 총 32두(평균체중, Holstein 거세우:196.9±25.2kg, Holstein 처녀우:163.4±11.3kg, 교잡종 거세우:169.6±24.9kg, 교잡종 처녀우 156.9±15.6kg)를 대상으로 7개월령부터 24개월령까지 비육시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 성장단계별 일당증체량은 육성기, 비육전기, 비육중기 및 비육후기에 각각 0.733~1.018(평균 0.869), 0.994~1.255(평균 1.094), 0.947~1.259(평균 1.122) 및 0.736~0.824kg(평균 0.790kg)으로 비육중기>비육전기>육성기>비육후기의 순으로 높았다. 그러나 전 비육기간의 일당증체량은 0.882~1.061kg(평균 0.957kg)으로 순종이 교잡종보다 0.072kg(7.3%), 그리고 성별로는 거세우가 처녀우에 비해 0.106kg(10.5%)이 더 증체되었다. 전 비육기간의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.9% 내외이고, 볏짚은 농후사료 급여량의 25% 수준이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 1kg 증체에 소요된 농후사료 및 TDN량은 순종이 교잡종보다 4.6%가 많았으며, 처녀우가 거세우보다 7.3%가 많아 순종보다는 교잡종이, 그리고 처녀우보다 거세우의 사료이용성이 높았다. 도체조사 결과, 등지방두께는 순종이 교잡종보다 엷었고, 등심단면적은 순종이 교잡종보다 적었다. 도체중 1kg에 대한 등심단면적은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 넓었다. 그리고 육색은 교잡종보다 순종이 우수하였으나 성별에 따른 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 쇠고기의 물리화학적 특성에서 전단력, 가열감량 및 보수력 등과 관능검사 결과의 다즙성, 연도 및 향미 등은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 우수하였다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 고급육생산은 순종보다 교잡종이, 그리고 거세우보다 처녀우가 유리하고, Holstein 및 교잡종의 거세우 및 처녀우 비육시 농후사료는 체중의 1.9%, 볏짚은 농후사료 량의 25% 수준에서 결정하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다. Present study was conducted to investigate the optimal feeding levels for producing the high quality meat on the basis of the information deriving from the comparison of the growth performance and carcass characteristics among breeds(Holstein vs F1, Holstein♀×Hanwoo♂), sex(steer vs heifer) and interaction between breed and sex. Thirty two animals on 4 treatments(i.e. eight head each) were used for 540 days from seven to 24 months of age. The results obtained are summarized as follows; the range of average daily gains was 0.733 to 1.018, 0.994 to 1.255, 0.947 to 1.259 and 0.736 to 0.824kg for the growing, the early-fattening, the mid- fattening and the finishing periods, respectively. The range of average daily gains for the entire period was 0.882 to 1.061kg. The gains were higher for Holstein(7.3%) and the steers(10.5%) than F1 and the heifers, respectively. Concentrates and total digestible nutrients intakes per kg gain were higher for Holstein and the heifers than F1 and the steers, respectively. These findings may indicate that feed utilization is higher for Holstein than F1, and higher for the steers than the heifers. In carcass characteristics, back fat thickness was thicker for Holstein than F1, and rib-eye area was smaller for Holstein than F1. The rib-eye area per kg carcass weight was larger for F1 and the heifers than Holstein and the steers, respectively. Meat color was better for Holstein than F1, but the sex distinction did not show any differences. In physicochemical properties of longissimus dorsi, shear force, cooking loss, water holding capacity and the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor for F1 and the heifers were better than those for Holstein and the steers, respectively. According to the above results, we may conclude that F1 and heifers rather than Holstein and steers are recommended for high quality meat production. In steers and heifers of Holstein and F1, the optimal feeding levels may be 1.9% of apparent body weight for concentrates and 25% of concentrates intake for rice straw.
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한우 포유모우의 산유량 및 유성분에 관한 연구 3 . 한우유의 이화학적 특성 및 성분에 관한 연구
강수원,정연후,손용석 ( S . W . Kang,Y . H . Chung,Y . S . Son ) 한국축산학회 1991 한국축산학회지 Vol.33 No.2
From 102 heads of Korean Native Cows, the milk of 620 samples were collected bi-weekly during post-partum 6 months, and analyzed for measuring physico-chemical properties and some components. The results obtained are summarized as follows; l. Average specific gravity, pH and acidity of total milk samples was 1.035, 6.68 and 0.215, respectively. 2. The ratio of average butter fat, protein, lactose, ash and total solids of total milk samples was 4.69, 4.10, 4.23, 0.85 and 13.86%, respectively. 3. Specific gravity, pH and acidity of the milk produced within 180 days tended to be higher in late days than in early days of lactation. 4. The ratio of butter fat, protein and total solids of the milk increased with proceeding lactation, whereas ash-ratio stayed relatively unchanged and lactose-ratio declined, and negative correlations were observed between the milk yield and the components. 5. Gross energy content of each kilogram milk calculated from the chemical composition during the period of 180 days was 801, 790, 795, 816, 850 and 896 Kcal for l, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 month, respectively, averaging 825 Kcal.
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한우 포유모우의 산유량및 유조성분에 관한 연구 1 . 포유모우의 산유량 추정방법 확립에 관한 연구
강수원(S . W . Kang),정연후(Y . H . Chung),정창화(C . H . Chung),나승환(S . H . Na),손용석(Y . S . Son),백동훈(D . H . Baik) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.3
This experiment was conducted to establish the estimating of dam`s milk producing capacity which forms the basis of Korean Native Cattle improvement for 3 years from 1982 to 1984. Four methods, including weight difference of the calf before and after nursing, hand milking and machine milking were compared with a new milking while the calf nurses, which the good points from the existing methods were extracted and then were developed. Fifty nine heads of nursing cow were tested to investigate dam`s milk yield. dam`s milk composition by the new milking method for 3 years from 1985 to 1987. The results of this experiment are summarized as follows: 1. This new method was made to use a portable vacuum·operated bucket milker in two quarters of each cow`s left or right udder while the calf suckles two quarters of his or her dam`s right or left udder. On this method. cows and calves were seperated at 8:00 am and at 5:00 pm the calves allowed to nurse. Cows and calves remained seperated over night. At 8:00 am and 5:00 pm the following day, the calves allowed to nurse one udder half while the rest was milked by machine. 2. On the comparison with methods estimating dam`s milk yield, the method by calf-weight difference before and after nursing wasn`t exact and good method in estimating dam`s milk yield and composition because not only this method was indirectly estimated by calf`s weight gain but also milk sample could not be taken. And also, the method by hand milking and machine milking could be surveyed only 60 days and 4 to 10 days, respectively, because dam`s milk yield was rapidly decreased with passing the milking day. However, by the new method, milking could be completely done without failure for 180 days and samples for analyzing the milk composition could be taken more easily and exactly than any other method. 3. Daily average and total milk yield of fifty nine heads investigated by this new method for 180 days was 3.48 and 625.8kg, respectively. 4. In the milk composition, total solids, far, protein, lactose and ash content was 14.21, 4.64, 4.07, 4.21 and 0.89 percent, respectively.
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한우 포유모우의 산유량 및 유성분에 관한 연구 4 . 비유기간중의 에너지 및 단백질 급여수준이 포유모우의 체중 , 산유량 및 유성분에 미치는 영향
강수원(S . W . Kang),정연후(Y . H . Chung),손용석(Y . S . Son) 한국축산학회 1991 한국축산학회지 Vol.33 No.5
This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of energy and protein levels during the lactation period on milk yield. milk composition and body weight of dam in Korean native cows. In this experiment, thirty six heads of nursing cows and calves were allotted to a 3×3 factorial design with three net energy levels (80, 100. 120% of NRC) and three crude protein levels (80. 100, 120% of NRC) from calving to weaning for 180 days. The results obtained from this experiment arc summarized as follows; 1. Dam`s body weight for 180 days was changed with a highly significant difference (P$lt;0.01) from 27.l㎏ increase of the NE 120%-CP 100 to 65.6㎏ decrease of the NE 80%-CP 100%. 2. The average daily milk yield of nursing, cows with 10-day intervals for 180 days did not show a significant difference, although the difference was 0.93㎏ from 3.11㎏ of the NE 100%-CP 120% to 4.04㎏ of the NE 120%-CP 120% (average 3.50㎏). 3. The maximum of average daily milk yield with 10-day intervals for 180 days was 4.76 to 5.36㎏ (average 5.04㎏) without a significant difference by post- partum NE -CP levels. But the lactation day for the maximum of average daily milk yield was changed with a significant difference (P$lt;0.05) from 7.5 days of the NE 80%-CP 120% to 37.5 days of the NE 80%-CP 100% (average 17.8 days). 4. The decrease rate per week and the decrease quantity per day of average daily milk yield for 180 days was 2.22 to 3.30% (average 2.68%) and 15.1 to 21.4g(average 18.1g), respectively. without .1 significant difference by post-partum NE-CP levels. 5. The physico-chemical properities and constituents of milk were not significantly different by treatments, and the energy value of milk per kg was 790 to 850㎉ (average 811 ㎉). 6. In the nutrient levels for the cows during the nursing period, energy levels affected only the body weight of dam with a highly significant difference (P $lt;0.01). However, protein levels did not affect all factors.
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한우 포유모우의 산유량 및 유성분에 관한 연구 5 . 임신기간중의 에너지 및 단백질 급여수준이 산유량 , 유성분 및 분만전후의 체중에 미치는 영향
강수원(S . W . Kang),정연후(Y . H . Chung),손용석(Y . S . Son) 한국축산학회 1991 한국축산학회지 Vol.33 No.5
This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of energy and protein levels during the gestation period on milk yield, milk composition and pre- and post-partum body weight of darn in Korean native cows. In this experiment, thirty six heads of pregnant cows were allotted to a 3×3 factorial design with three net energy levels (80, 100, 120% of NRC ) and three crude protein levels (80, 100. 120% of NRC) for 90 days before parturition. thereafter those were fed at the same nutrient level (100% of NRC) from calving to weaning for 180 days. The results obtained from this experiment are summarized as follows; 1. Pregnant cow`s body weight during the pre-partum 90 days was changed with a significant difference (P$lt; 0.05) from 16㎏ increase of the NE 80%-CP 80% to 42.4㎏ increase of the NE 120%-CP 120%. 2. Dam`s post-partum body weight for 180 days was decreased to the post-partum 127th day and thereafter it was slowly increased, and the difference of the body weight between right after parturition and at weaning was 25.4㎏, which accounted for 5.7% of the body weight, without a significant difference by pre-partum NE-CP level. 3. The average daily milk yield of nursing cow with 10-day intervals for 180 days was not significantly different, showing 2.82㎏ of the NE 80%-CP 80% and 4.03㎏ of the NE 80%-CP 120% (average 3.50㎏), although the difference was 1.21㎏. 4. The maximum of average daily milk yield with 10-day intervals for 180 days was 4.48 to 6.10㎏ (average 5.46㎏) without a significant difference by pre-partum NP-CP levels. and it showed its maximum yield at 5 to 12th day (average 10th day) without it significant difference by treatment. 5. The decrease rate per week and quantity per day of average daily milk yield for 18(1 days showed a significant difference (P$lt;0.05) from 2.38% and of the NE 80%-CP 120% to 3.27% and 25.48 of the NE 100%-CP 80%), respectively. 6. The physico-chemical properities and constituents of milk were not significantly different by pre-partum NE-CP levels, and the energy value of milk per ㎏ was 782 to 849㎉ (average 824㎉). 7. The results showed that energy level affected significantly only the pre-partum body weight of dam for 90 days. However, protein level affected significantly only the milk yield of the nursing cow from calving to weaning for 180 days.
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