Primitivism in Hemingway's Works

蘇洙萬 空軍士官學校 1981 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

In a sense Ernest Hemingway's viewpoint on life or value system, which is passim mentioned in from his first work Indian Camp to the last magnum opus The Old Man and the Sea, is probably an undefeated individualism with primitive courage. This is based upon primitive morality through the establishment of the new value system or view of life which was originated in the recognition of the crisis of the existing value system of the 20th century western civilization. To the interest, his primitivism, by the way, is sporadically seen in his works and its great roles are recognized in creating new value system or attitude toward life. The purpose of this study is aimed at revealing the way how the primitivism is projected and what roles it makes in an attempt of achieving ideal goal of life. It is important to know that his manhood code was founded on his primitive morality, too. In particular, the primitivism is, when carefully observed, frequently found in his African Stories-The Snows of Kilimanjaro, The short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, Green Hills of Africa, and Death in the Aftrernoon (the last two works are non-fiction), so these fout works are employed as primary sources. His many other works are used as secondary ones. 1.By and large, there are two sorts of primitivism: chronological primaitivism and cultural one. The first "signifies the belief that the ideal stage of man's way of life lies in the very distant past, when he lived naturally, simply and freely." The second is "the preference of nature over art in any field of human culture and values." The latter also takes no account of a highly developed society and cities. It should seem that Hemingway's primitivism is more related with the latter than with the first. 2.In his works Africa means primitive and unspolied nature. He thought that Africa had more primitivities than America or Europe, it seems. In other words, it appears that he thinks of Africa nostalgically as a kind of "spiritual home", to which he returns now in the hope of recovering something of his lost integrity. There is a parallelism between. Hemingway retains a cruder form of Thoreau's pure American instinct in pursuing man's real indentity in a primitive wilderness not too far from town. Accroding to Carlos Baker, mountain symbolizes a home-concept, while plain signifies a not-home-concept. Kilimanjaro which is the mountain of mountains in Africa emblematizes the best goodness and the ideal primitivism. Lion, which is represented by primitive animal in itself, means truth and primitive courage in his literary world. It can be said that snow is sensuous and primitive. In his works its image is used as that of love-and-death-in-the-motif. The frozen lepard of "The Snows" plays an import ant role in developing snow-imagery. 3.The manhod code, which Mr. Macomber had achieved at the last moment of his life, is that of primitive courage and honorable death. If Harry had had the primitive courage to reject money and women, which are symbols of the social and material evils killing his artistic talnet categorically, he would not feel a kind of an acute agony. Although Margot Macomber, Mr. Macomber's wife, is depicted as a bitch type, she aslo thinks much of primitive courage. Besides, to emphasize the importance of primitive courage he adds valour of bullfight to these symbolic aspects of his heros and heroines. 4. In Green Hills of Africa, Hemingway says that "writers should work alone". And he continues to say, "All art is only done by the individual." Writers in New York, however, have been trying "to drive knowledge and nourishment from their own confact." In his opinion primitive Africa continent is suitable for recovering from spiritual evils and starting to work again. Wilson, a hunting guide, is inferior to Mr. Macomber in every standard except courage one, but the first is the ideal man of the latter. This probably means the extreme importance of primitive courage. In conclusion, Africa has brought Hemingway's heroes to an understanding of their past lives. And they are cured of diseases which are originated from too much esteemed materialism, developed societies, and cities, As a result, Heming's heroes have come to value the undefeated individualism, thus remaining as immortal beings, through the establishment of behavioral code full of untiring primitive courage and morality, on all of which his primitivism it seems, played a very important role.

헤밍웨이 문체의 미학(1): 간결과 리듬

소수만 ( Soo-man Soh ) 대한영어영문학회 2000 영어영문학연구 Vol.26 No.1

This paper introduces Hemingway’s basic pattern or aesthetics of simplicity and rhythm, the two great wheels of his style, and then makes an extended analysis of this pattern or aesthetics in its varied aspects. Many of the characteristic features of Hemingway’s writing such as understatement, painting technique, rigor, terseness, repetition, concreteness, omission, objectivity, and rapid tempo can be traced back to this basic form of simplicity and rhythm which are closely interdependent in the actual operation. Major influences in the formation of this technique are his journalistic experience on the Kansas City Star and his exposure in the Paris years to the doctrines of Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound. During his Kansas City Star days, C. G. Wellington and Galhoun Moise introduced him to a discipline of simplicity based on the Star’s style sheet which contains 110 rules on writing. Rule 1 is: “Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English, not forgetting to strive for smoothness. Be positive, not negative.” More importantly, Rule 21 could have helped the young journalist to “avoid the use of adjectives, especially such extravagant ones as splendid, gorgeous, grand, magnificent, etc.” It is noteworthy that under the tutelage of Moise, Hemingway could learn to create pure objective writing which is, according to Moise, the only true form of storytelling. It was during these years that he also could incorporate the device of brevity in his style, which was to mold his fiction in several important ways. In his Paris years Hemingway was under the direct influence of Gertrude Stein in terms of the technique of repetition and the treatment of time and he could use these stylistic devices for the development of his rhythmic style. Through his relationship with Ezra Pound he could gain masterful control over the technical method of simplicity and the rhythmic sentence or paragraph. < Woosuk University >

초기 청소년 부모교육 프로그램 개발과 효과 검증

소수연(Soh, Soo-Youn),김승윤(Kim, Seung-Yun),유준호(Yu, Jun-Ho),지수연(Ji, Su-Yeon) 경성대학교 사회과학연구소 2014 社會科學硏究 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 초기 청소년기 자녀를 둔 부모들이 자녀들의 환경적?심리적?대인관계의 변화를 이해하고 부모-자녀 관계에서의 갈등과 다양한 청소년 문제에 효과적으로 대처함으로써 청소년 문제를 예방하도록 우리나라 실정에 맞는 부모교육 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 이를 위해 선행연구, 현장 전문가 및 청소년, 부모 대상 포커스그룹 인터뷰, 요구조사를 통해 프로그램 구성요소를 추출하여 프로그램을 구성하였다. 개발된 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해, 전국 6개 지역에 거주하는 초등학교 4학년부터 중학교 2학년의 초기 청소년 자녀를 둔 부모 38명을 대상으로 총 6회기(회기 당 120분)를 실시하였다. 통제집단과 실험집단을 대상으로 양육효능감, 부모-자녀 간 의사소통, 부모 자기성장 척도로 사전-사후검사를 실시하여 프로그램의 효과를 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 양육효능감, 자기성장의 하위요인인 자기수용, 자기개방 정도가 향상되어 본 프로그램이 초기 청소년기 자녀를 둔 부모에게 유용한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 우리 상황을 반영한 초기 청소년기 자녀를 둔 부모 대상의 부모교육 프로그램을 개발하여 이 시기 부모들에게 필요한 양육 방법을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다. This thesis aims to help parents understand their early adolescents" environmental, psychological, interpersonal changes and to develop the training programs for parents of early adolescents and verify its effect in order to deal with interpersonal conflict and various adolescents" problem. The process of developing program followed the program development procedure that advanced research, focus-group interview with trainers, parents, adolescents. The participants were 38 parents with adolescents from 10 to 14 years old in 6 cities. They were divided into experimental and control groups and offered 6 sessions. To verify this the program, participants took protests and followed-up tests and trainers‘ quality assessment was performed. The result of this study showed significant increase of parenting sense of competence, self-openness and acceptance compared to the control groups. These results imply this program is meaningful in that it reflect the real state of Korean. Moreover, it this program has a significance in promising program subjected to Korean parents with early adolescent.

한국인 조현병 환자에서의 지연성 운동이상증과 TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-α 유전자 다형성과의 연관성

소수정,강승걸,윤호경,박영민,이헌정,김린 대한조현병학회 2013 대한조현병학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives : There are emerging evidences suggest that the development of tardive dyskinesia (TD) is related to the oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and immune activation. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α genes are associated with the susceptibility of TD and schizophrenia. Methods : We investigated two hundred and eighty Korean schizophrenic patients. The schizophrenic participants consisted of patients with (n=105) and without (n=175) TD who were matched for antipsychotic drug exposure and other relevant variables. The TNF-α gene -308G/A SNPs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Results : The frequencies of genotype (χ2=0.33, p=0.848) of the TNF-α gene -308 G/A SNP did not differ significantly between schizophrenic patients with and without TD. The difference of allele frequencies (χ2=0.28, p=0.594) of the TNF-α gene between the schizophrenic patients with and without TD were not significant. Conclusion : These results suggest that the TNF-α gene -308 G/A SNPs are not associated with TD and schizophrenia in a Korean population. Further association studies of TD with other candidate genes for cytokines would help us understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of TD. 지연성 운동이상증은 항정신병 약물을 장기간 복용하는 조현병 환자에서 발생하는 비가역적인 부작용으로, 여러 새로운항정신병 약물이 개발된 현재에도 가장 심각한 부작용으로 여겨지고 있다. 따라서 조현병 환자 중 지연성 운동이상증의 발생에 감수성을 가지는 환자를 예측할 수 있다면 그 예방과 치료에 많은 도움이 될 것이다. 이러한 배경하에 본 연구는 한국인조현병 환자를 대상으로 TNF-α 유전자의 유전자 다형성과 지연성 운동이상증의 연관성을 알아보기 위해 시행되었으나, 지연성 운동이상증의 발생에 있어 TNF-α 유전자 다형성이 유전적 감수성의 원인이 됨을 밝히지는 못 하였다. 그러나 현재까지 지연성 운동이상증과 TNF-α 유전자 다형성 간의 연관성에 대한 연구가 극히 부족한 실정에서, 본 연구는 TNF-α 뿐 아니라 나아가 시토카인과 지연성 운동이상증의 발생에 대한 향후의 연구들에 있어 일말의 단서를 제공한다고 할 수 있겠다. 추후 보다 다양한 임상적 변인을 포함하여 TNF-α 유전자 다형성과 지연성 운동이상증의 관련성에 대한 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 지연성 운동이상증과 시토카인에 대한다른 후보유전자와의 연관 연구가 지연성 운동이상증의 병태생리학적 기전을 이해하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

초등학생 품성계발 프로그램 개발과 효과성 검증

소수연,양대희,이상현 한국청소년상담복지개발원 2015 청소년상담연구 Vol.23 No.2

The research aims at developing effective character development program by drawing necessary virtues for elementary senior year students. First, to conduct current study, extensive literature survey was carried out to forge theoretical basis of the program. Then, focus group interview data from elementary school teachers and character development program experts were analyzed. Second, effectiveness of the program was evaluated through the test operation. the subjects were 43 4th to 6th grade students; they were given a demonstrative program. The study found out that experiment group showed significant increase of altruism, emotional control, observance of school rules, self-respect, compared to the control group, but empathy and considerate behavior did not. The opinions of participants and instructers and results of experts' supervision were reflected in modified final program. The finding of this study is meaningful in that it has developed a practical program, by finding out a virtue of character necessary for the upper grades of elementary school through precedent researches and interviews of experts, that can be effectively utilized in schools and counseling settings. In the end, implication and limitation of this study were discussed. 본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 고학년 청소년에게 요구되는 품성 덕목을 함양시키기 위한 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하는데 있다. 이를 위해 선행연구와 현장 전문가 대 상의 포커스그룹 인터뷰를 통해 프로그램 구성요소를 추출하여 프로그램을 구성하였다. 본 품성계발 프로그램의 구성요소는 ‘나’, ‘우리’, ‘공동체’, ‘책임’ 영역으로 도출되었다. 구성요소를 토대로 12회기 프로그램을 개발하여 프로그램 효과를 검증하기 위해 경기도 와 부산 지역에 거주하는 초등학교 4학년-6학년 학생 43명을 대상으로 시범운영을 실시 하였다. 연구 결과, 프로그램 참여자들은 이타성, 정서조절, 학교규칙 준수, 자기존중은 유의하게 향상되었으나 공감과 배려행동은 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 프로그램 지도자와 참여자들의 만족도와 평가도 긍정적으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 현재 초등학교 고학년들에게 필요한 품성 덕목을 선행연구와 현장전문가들의 인터뷰를 통해 도출하여 학교 및 상담 현장에 활용도 높은 프로그램을 개발하여 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

숙련된 수퍼바이저의 수퍼비전 수행에 관한 질적 연구

소수연,장성숙 한국상담심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료 Vol.26 No.2

This study was aimed to investigate experienced supervisors’ supervision performance processes and related factors. Ten experienced supervisors were interviewed and their responses were analyzed through CQR. Six domains and 40 categories were revealed from analysis of interview contents. The supervision performance processes indicate structuring the supervision. Supervision contents mean that the supervisors focus on the supervision. The methods to conveying supervision contents were how supervisors deliver their feedback to supervisees. Supervisory relationship stands for the relationship with supervisors and supervisees. These four domains were essential factors of the supervision performance. Professional competences of supervisors interact with essential factors of supervision performances and lead to supervision outcomes. By exploring structuring the supervision processes, supervision contents, the methods to conveying supervision contents to supervisees, and developmental tasks of supervisor’s professional competences, the study provides fundamental data of supervision performances and presents the criteria of evaluation. 본 연구는 숙련된 수퍼바이저의 수퍼비전 경험에 대한 인터뷰 내용을 분석하여 수퍼비전 수행 과정과 수행 요인을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 수퍼비전 경험이 8년 이상인 수퍼바이저 10명에게 수퍼비전 실시에 대한 심층 면접을 실시하였고, 자료 분석은 합의적 질적 분석(CQR)을 사용하였다. 인터뷰 내용은 총 6영역, 40개 범주로 정리되었다. 6개 영역 중 수퍼비전 수행 과정은 수퍼비전의 조직화를 뜻하며, 수퍼비전 내용은 수퍼비전에서 수퍼바이저가 주로 초점을 맞춰 진행하는 것을 의미한다. 수퍼비전 내용을 전달하는 방식은 수퍼바이저가 수퍼비전에서 사용하는 피드백 방식이며, 수퍼비전 관계는 수퍼바이저와 수련자 간의 관계이며, 이 네 가지는 수퍼비전의 핵심 수행 요인이다. 수퍼바이저의 전문적 역량은 수퍼비전 수행 요인들과 상호작용하여 수퍼비전 성과에 직․간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 보인다. 이 연구는 국내 숙련된 수퍼바이저들의 경험을 탐색하여 수퍼비전 수행 과정과 수행 요소에 대해 살펴보고, 수퍼비전의 조직화, 수퍼비전에서 핵심적으로 다루어야 할 내용과 전달방식, 수퍼비전 목표와 성과의 기준이 되는 항목, 수퍼바이저로서의 전문성을 강화시키는 데 필요한 여러 발달 과제들을 도출함으로써 수퍼비전 수행과 평가의 기준으로 활용될 수 있는 근거 자료들을 제시했다는 데 의의가 있다.

Hemingway文學世界에 있어서 Nick對 Santiago

蘇洙萬 又石大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

In Hemingway's literary world, the protagonist Nick Adams who has the tinge of Biblical name has made a life journey along the writer's works. Nick was born in "Indian Camp" of In Our Time. He has learned the meaning of birth, good, evil, death, and courage in the next works. In "Big Two-Hearted River", he has tried to fish for trouts. His world of experience has been widened in Men Without Women. The name Nick was changed into Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, and here he has deepened the knowledge of love and war. In The Sun Also Rises, Jake Barnes. Nick's another alter ego, has come into the moods of degradation. In translation of his literary background into Africa, the protagonist. Harry or Francis Macomber, has been purge of all human pride, however. At last, Nick's last alter ego Santiago has appeared in The Old Man and the Sea. In short, Santiago is the last name of Nick Adams' life journey in Hemingway's literary world.

세잔, 피카소, 스타인, 헤밍웨이: 그들 기법의 영향관계

소수만 ( Soh Soo-man ) 대한영어영문학회 2009 영어영문학연구 Vol.35 No.3

This paper aims to analyze the influence of Cézanne on Picasso, of Cézanne and Picasso on Stein, and of Cézanne, Stein, and Picasso on Hemingway, in particular in their techniques. Cézanne’s techniques such as basic geometric or cone-cylinder-sphere pattern, sine qua non, and seeing things from various points of view influenced Picasso in his creation of Cubism painting. Cézanne and Picasso influenced Stein in her experimental writings such as the techniques of basic attributes, repetition, image words, simple sentences, plastic art, portraiture, collage writing, equality, or sameness etc. Cézanne and Picasso and Stein influenced Hemingway in the creation of his unique Iceberg Theory. Like an iceberg, seven eights of which is hidden underwater, the writer should omit detailed vocabulary and select only the necessary word. The Iceberg Theory Style appears in Hemingway’s best works. (Woosuk University)

Hemingway소설의 상징 : 새로운 접근과 기법 A New Approach & Technique

蘇洙萬 又石大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Though Ernest Hemingway rejects symbolism itself, the basis of his work is symbolic technique. So in order to undeerstand his work it is necessary to analyze his symbolism. Furthermore it is important to find the correct viewpoint to his symbolism. Hemingway's symbolism should be analyzed by using both the objective correlative and Cezanne's space conceptions from which the iceberg theory was produced. From this viewpoint Hemingway's symbolism has two root techniques: economical expression and repetition. Economical expression can be divided into three types: omission, silence, and objective representation. Omission is simplified expression omitting unnecessary words according to the iceberg theory. Silence is unexpressed expression that induces a reader's introspection by leaving hero or other characters silent. Objective representation excludes the author's subjectivity. Repetition can siso be divided into three types ?? symbol repetition repetition of action, and repetition of any word Nutural symbol repetition is a technique that produces an image or mood by repeating such natural phenomena as "lion." "rain." "baseball." "leopard." "hyena." "vuiture." " snow." and "squirrel." These natural phenomena symbolize deeper meanings. Repetition of action is a technique that makes symbolic meaning by repeating a certain action, Repetition of word is slso an image technique that creates symbolic meaning by both repeating any word or phrase and giving a certain image to the repeated word or phrase. This is the most Hemingwayesque. Hemingway's symbolism should not be understood in view of traditional symbolism it-self. His symbolism should not be understood thematically, but structurally in style or context.

Ernest Hemingway의 최후의 인물 : Santiago 그 個性形成過程과 理想的 完成 The Process of Personality Formation and Ideal Completion

蘇洙萬 又石大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

Hemingway's last hero Santiago was deeply related with Nick of "Indian Camp." Nick and Santiago are the same hero, it seems. Nick was born in "Indian Camp." Along his life he has been initiated into the worlds of experience. In In Our Time the hero has learned the meanings of birth, good, evil, death, and courage. In Men Without Women his knowledge of the world has been deepened and widened. In A Farewell to Arms, Frederic Henry has consolidated the knowledge of war, love, and death. In the Sun Also Rises. Jake Barnes has tried the various knowledge of love, camaraderie, drinking, courage and evil. In two African stories, "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," Harry realizes that his past was in the death-in-life and Francis Macomber achieves the courage of true manhood. Harry tries entering the life-in-death such as the leopard's situation of Kilimanjaro. They have almost completed Hemingway's idealism after having been purged of all human pride. Santiago has arrived at The Old Man and the sea. He has attained the philosophy of undefeated individualism. Santiago, an another name of Nick, seems to be Hemingway's alter ego. His value system of life is, it seems, Ernest Hemingway's.