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      • KCI등재

        불법원인급여반환금지규정의 적용제한에 관한 비판적 고찰

        백경일(Paek, Kyoung-Il)(白慶一) 한국재산법학회 2012 재산법연구 Vol.29 No.4

        불법원인급여에 관하여 우리 민법은 제746조에 반환금지의 규정을 두고 있지만, 그로 인해 불법원인급여관계에서 선급부자가 불이익을 당하는 불공평이 발생하여, 그동안 많은 법학자들이 이를 극복하기 위한 이론을 개발한 바 있다. 혹자는 불법개념을 축소함으로써 불법원인급여의 적용범위를 좁히려 하였고, 혹자는 제746조의 단서규정을 확대하여 폭넓은 예외를 인정하려 하였으며, 혹자는 일반예방과 비례성의 원칙에 따라 법관이 재량껏 적용여부를 판단하게끔 하자고 주장한 바 있으나, 이러한 기존의 이론들은 모두 우리 민법 제746조의 문리적 해석에서 지나치게 벗어난 것들로서 법적 안정성이라는 측면에서 심각한 문제점을 노출하는 데 예외가 없었다. 본고는 이러한 기존의 이론들을 대신하여 독일의 통설이 주장하는 바와 같이 각 금지규범의 목적에 따라 민법 제746조의 적용여부를 판단하자는 대안을 제시하였으며, 그 밖에 급부개념을 엄격해석한다든지 사무관리나 불법행위의 규정을 적용하는 등의 이론을 소개하여 민법 제746조의 역기능 극복에 관하여 새로운 가능성을 모색하고자 하였다. In Korea normiert eine Kondiktionssperre § 746 KBGB, welcher lautet: "Wird ein Vermögen oder ein Dienst aus einem unrechtlichen Grund geleistet, so ist die Rückforderung ausgeschlossen. Dies gilt jedoch nicht, wenn ein solcher Grund nur beim Empfänger vorliegt." Nach dieser Vorschrift bleibt dem Leistenden ein Bereicherungsanspruch versagt, falls ihm seinerseits ein Verstoß gegen ein gesetzliches Verbot oder gegen die guten Sitten zur Last gelegt werden kann. Aber die Funktion dieser, historisch überkommener Regelungen sind seit langem überaus zweifelhaft und streitig: Denn der Vorleistende kann schon keine Erfüllung verlangen. Wenn man ihm nun selbst die Rückforderung des Geleisteten verwehrt, zieht der Empfänger aus dem nichtigen Vertrag einen ungerechtfertigten Vorteil. Deswegen ist in der koreanischen Literatur und Rechtsprechung schon lange versucht worden, § 746 KBGB auf jene Fälle nicht anzuwenden, in denen der Leistende gegen zwingende Bestimmung etwas hingibt, was aber nicht sittenwidrig ist. Denn nicht alle zwingenden Bestimmungen beziehen auf die guten Sitten. Übrigens versucht die sog. Unrechtsvergleichstheorie, die Anwendung des § 746 KBGB auf die Fälle einzuschränken, in denen der Leistende vergleichsweise mehr Unrecht begeht als der Empfänger. Bei der Reduktion des § 746 BGB und der Unrechtsvergleichstheorie bleibt jedoch zu viel Raum für richterliche Willkür. Schon der Tatbestand der Sittenwidrigkeit ist offen und lässt einem Richter viel Spielraum, das gilt für die im Rahmen der Vergleichung des Unrechts noch viel mehr. Das ändert sich auch nicht, wenn die Unrechtsvergleichstheorie mit dem Generalpräventionsgedanke und dem Verhältnismäßigkeitsprinzip ergänzt wird. Denn damit im Rahmen der Rechtfertigung zu treffenden Abwägung, wird die Gefahr der Beliebigkeit noch erhöht. Deshalb schlägt dieser Aufsatz vor, die Einschränkungen des Anwendungsbereichs des § 746 KBGB präzis auf den Schutzzweck der verletzten Norm zurückzuführen und den Begriff der Leistung genauer zu definieren. Für die Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag und unerlaubte Handlungen wird andererseits die entsprechende Anwendung des § 746 KBGB nicht anzuerkennen, weil sich § 746 KBGB als eng auszulegende Ausnahmebestimmung einer Ausdehnung auf Ansprüche außerhalb des Bereicherungsrechts entzieht. Dadurch kann das Problem der Funktionsstörung des § 746 KBGB teilweise überwunden und gleichzeitig der Gefahr richterlicher Willkür vorgebeugt und Rechtssicherheit geschafft werden.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        일 지역사회주민의 운동행위 변화단계 관련요인

        백경 한국지역사회간호학회 2012 지역사회간호학회지 Vol.23 No.3

        Purpose: This study was to identify the factors associated with stages of exercise behavior change of residents in a community on the basis of the Transtheoretical Model. Methods: Data were collected from 520 residents of a community using a self-report questionnaire. The survey variables comprised the stages of exercise behavior change, the process of change, decisional balance and self efficacy. Results: There were significant differences in the process of change, decisional balance and self efficacy by the stages of exercise behavior change. The factors associated with transition from pre-contemplation to contemplation were consciousness raising and self efficacy; regarding those from contemplation to preparation, cons of the decisional balance and social liberation;regarding those from preparation to action, dramatic relief and counter conditioning; regarding that from action to maintenance, cons of the decisional balance. Conclusion: TTM would be applicable to explain the exercise behavior of some residents in a community, which suggested that the programs for improving exercise behavior of residents in a community need to be developed.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        일 지역 사무직 근로자의 생활습관과 골밀도 영향요인

        백경 한국지역사회간호학회 2013 지역사회간호학회지 Vol.24 No.2

        Purpose: This study was to investigate lifestyles and identify factors influencing the bone mineral density (BMD)among employees in a community. Methods: Data were collected from 199 employees. Their lifestyles and BMIs were measured with a self-report questionnaire. As for their BMDs, their calcanei were measured with Quantitative Ultrasound. Results: Assessing their BMDs with reference to the WHO standards, 52.8% of the subjects’ calcaneus BMDs were normal and 44.2% showed osteopenis, 3.0% showed osteoporosis. Age (odds ratio=1.05,p=.029), exercise (odds ratio=.31, p=.006) and the number of eating meals per day (odds ratio=1.97, p=.046) were significant factors influencing the subjects’ BMDs. Conclusion: Strategies to emphasize exercise and dietary habits in employees are important for improving their bone mineral density. Programs for improving bone mineral density based on life cycle need to be developed.

      • KCI등재

        트레드밀 운동이 난소 절제 쥐의 지질대사 조절인자 및 지방조직 갈색화에 미치는 영향

        백경아(Kyeong-A Baek),지용석(Yong Seok Ji),윤진환(Jin-Hwan Yoon) 한국생활환경학회 2021 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.28 No.2

        The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise training on lipid metabolism regulators and browning of adipose tissue in ovariectomized rats. A total 36 of female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: CON (normal control, n=12), OVA-CON (ovariectomized-control), OVA-TE (ovariectomized + treadmill exercise, n=12). The rats in the OVA-TE group were forced to run a treadmill for 30 min 4 times per week for 12 weeks. In the liver, the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and SPEBP-1 were significantly decreased in the OVA-TE group compared with the OVA-CON group (p<.05). In the gastrocnemius, the PGC-1α mRNA expression was significantly increased in the OVA-TE group compared to the OVACON group(p<.05). Also, the OVA-CON group showed significantly decreased UCP-1 mRNA levels compared to the CON group, while the OVA-TE group was significantly higher than the OVA-CON group(p<.05). These results indicate that regular aerobic exercise could improve the lipid metabolism-related factors and enhance the browning of adipose tissue in the ovariectomized rats.

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