무사계급과 양자제도(養子制度)의 관련성 연구

신종대(Shin Jongdae) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2021 인문사회과학연구 Vol.22 No.3

양자(養子)로 대표되는 의제적(擬制的) 친족관계는 일본 사회를 이해하는 중요한 키워드로 무사 사회에서는 특히 중시되었다. 단순히 후계자가 없는 경우에 동생이나 조카와 같은 근친을 양자로 들인다는 의미로만 그치는 것이 아니라 중세 시대부터 동족 확대 내지는 새로운 관계 형성, 즉 군사세력을 확대하는 수단으로 활용되었다. 중세 시대 무사 사회는 양자뿐만 아니라 다양한 형태의 의제적 친족관계를 통해 족적 기반을 확대･강화시켜 나갔다. 무사의 지배가 끝나고 150여 년이 경과한 지금도 일본은 사회 곳곳에서 무사와 관련된 것들이 많이 남아있다. 에도시대에 조직과 의사 결정 방법 등 일본인들의 행동 패턴의 원형이 만들어졌다고 한다. 그러나 이뿐만 아니라 세습의 전통이 정착된 시기이기도 하다. 정치가들이 세습하는 것도 그 대표적인 예라고 할 수 있다. 메이지 이후, 적지 않은 일본인들은 전근대 시대에 어떠한 역사적 발전이 있었다고 해도, 일본의 근대화=서구화의 계보와는 무관하다고 하는 사고방식을 가지고 있다. 하지만 언제부턴가 일본연구자들 사이에서는 메이지 이후, 일본 문화에는 일정한 하나의 방향성이 존재한다고 인식하기 시작했다. 이러한 인식이란, 일본인들의 생활 속에 무사화의 과정이 보인다는 것이다. 따라서 본고에서는 무사의 영향이라고 할 수 있는 일상과 관련되는 몇 가지와 무사 조직의 품의제(稟議制)를 통한 의사결정 방식에 대해서 알아보고, 무사 신분의 세습이 오히려 순혈주의를 고집하지 않는 양자제도의 발달로 이어졌다는 사실을 고찰하기 위하여 양자제도가 무사뿐만 아니라 서민들의 보편적인 가계 계승 방법으로 자리매김한 에도시대를 중심으로 살펴보았다. Relatives represented as adopted children were especially important in samurai society as an important keyword for understanding Japanese society. In the absence of a successor, it was not only used as a means of adopting close relatives such as younger brothers and nephews, but also as a means of expanding military power in the Middle Ages. It is said that in the Edo period, a prototype of Japanese patterns of behavior, such as organizations and decision-making methods, was created. However, it is also a time when hereditary traditions have taken root. Another example is the hereditary succession of politicians. Since the Meiji era, many Japanese believe that even if there was some historical development in the pre-modern era, it had nothing to do with Japan s modernization = Westernization genealogy. However, since the Meiji era, Japanese researchers have begun to recognize that there is a certain direction in Japanese culture. This recognition shows the process of samuraiization in Japanese life. It expanded and strengthened its influence through various forms of kinship as well as samurai society in the Middle Ages. More than 150 years after the end of samurai rule, there are still many things related to samurai in various parts of Japan. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the influence of samurai on daily life and the decision-making method of samurai organization. In order to investigate the development of adoptive system without regard to pure blood, we focus on the Edo period.

유신체제 수립을 보는 북한과 미국의 시각과 대응

신종대(Shin, Jongdae) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2012 亞細亞硏究 Vol.55 No.3

This study is an attempt to analyze how the DPRK and U.S. perceived and reacted to the establishment of the yushin system in South Korea in 1972 using recently declassified documents from Eastern European countries and the United States. Right before the yushin proclamation, South Korean officials held secret talks with North Korea to both explain the reasoning behind the proclamation of martial law for yushin and request understanding about this from North Korea in advance. In short, South Korean officials were concerned about the possibility of North Korea announcing the halt of North-South dialogue due to the yushin proclamation. Interestingly, however, was the fact that North Korea was also concerned that criticism it made toward the yushin proclamation would provide South Korea with the opportunity to end dialogue. In summary, the goals held by each side were different, but both North and South Korea did not desire the end of dialogue. Meanwhile, while South Korean officials were sensitive to the reaction of North Korea toward the yushin proclamation and exerted enormous energy to obtain understanding from the North, far less effort was placed on obtaining understanding from the U.S. The reason South Korean officials displayed such different attitudes toward North Korea and the U.S. before the yushin proclamation was related to their judgement that while North Korea could halt dialogue in a display of unhappiness toward the yushin proclamation, discontent by the U.S. toward the proclamation would not lead to the weakening or repeal of the U.S. security commitment. North Korea and the U.S. had made virtually similar, and relatively accurate, analyses on the motives of Park Chung Hee to establish yushin. North Korea believed that Park was using a strong revamp of the South Korean system in the form of yushin to monopolize North-South dialogue and establish an equal dialogue structure with the North by blocking demands voiced by the opposition to participate in North-South dialogue and North Korean attempts to support the opposition. The U.S. also believed that at a fundamental level the motive for the yushin proclamation was based on Park’s desire to strengthen domestic control and secure a high-level of freedom of movement and leadership in North-South dialogue. Both North Korea and the U.S. held negative and critical perceptions toward the establishment of the yushin system. Despite this, North Korea decided to refrain from criticizing the yushin proclamation and maintain silence under the belief that keeping the door open for dialogue was important to both isolate the Park Chung Hee government and strengthen the “capabilities of revolution” in South Korea. The U.S. also decided to maintain silence toward the yushin proclamation due to concerns that a hardline response to the proclamation would lead to a security vacuum on the Korean peninsula.

해양국가 일본의 무사계급과 중세형(中世型) 이에(家) 연구

신종대(Shin Jongdae) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2020 인문사회과학연구 Vol.21 No.2

본고는 동아시아에서 유일하게 일본에서만 볼 수 있는 이에 의 형성과 발전, 그리고 그 속에 내재하고 있는 세습의 매커니즘에 대해서 고찰하는데 목적이 있다. 이에 의 변천과정을 보면, 천황 가에서 시작하여 귀족의 이에, 중세 무사의 발생과 함께 급속하게 성장하였으며, 근세가 되면 농민과 상인의 이에가 보편적인 형태로 기능하게 된다. 그 중심에는 강력한 권력을 가진 가부장(家父長)이 있었다. 과거 일본에서는 이에 가 지금보다 훨씬 더 무게를 가지고 일상생활에서의 생산과 소비활동뿐 아니라 경영이나 지역사회의 기본 구성단위가 되어 있었다. 이에 의 초기적 형태는 대대로 전해져 내려오는 영지를 지키고, 계승하기 위해서 생겨난 부계를 중심으로 하는 중세 무사단에서 시작되었다. 그리고 소료제(惣領制)를 특징으로 하는 친족 집단이 이에 화되는 것은 남북조내란 이후인 15세기에서 에도시대에 걸쳐서이다. 일본에서 무사시대가 시작된 중세는 한국이나 중국과는 다른 이른바 일본형 가족 형태의 실질적인 시작이라고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this article is to examine the formation and development of the only ‘ie’ in East Asia, and the hereditary mechanism inherent in it that can only be seen in Japan. In feudal societies in Japan, patriarchal families centered on ‘ie’ were common. This kinship system was developed around the samurai family during the Edo period, when the society was an identity-based society, and was expanded to houses of merchants and peasants. In the Meiji era when it became a modern nation, the ie system was enacted as a law (1898). This is called the Meiji Civil Code or the Old Civil Code. The family system in the Meiji Civil Law inherited the feudal society ie and was based on the family relationship centered on ie. However, in 1948, shortly after the defeat, the new constitution, which came into effect in 1948, abolished the IE system that assumed family business and family products. Changed to a modern nuclear family. The early ie began as a family of medieval samurai kinship, centered on the patriarchal family, to protect and inherit the territory inherited from generation to generation, and served as a basic unit of management and community as well as production and consumption activities. . The relatives of the samurai family became ie from the 15th to the 19th century.

江戸時代武士の内職と職人芸の相関関係

申宗大(SHIN Jongdae) 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2023 No.7

한일 국교 정상화 전후 부산의 일본인 유골 문제를 둘러싼 위령(慰霊)의 정치

성혜진(SEONG, Hyejin),신종대(SHIN, Jongdae) 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2023 No.10

This study aims to examine how the private and national levels of both Korea and Japan have responded to a series of incidents, such as the disposal of remains and memorial tablets left in the Japanese cemetery due to Busans urban development plan, before and after the normalization of diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan. Until now, many studies have been conducted in both Korea and Japan regarding deaths during the Asia-Pacific War, but these have primarily focused on soldiers. Specifically, in Korea, the focus has been on Korean remains, with Japanese remains in Korea only incidentally mentioned in relation to Korean remains research. Therefore, this study acknowledges that both Countries have overlooked research concerning the investigation and repatriation of the remains of colonists who died in the colonial city of Busan. It aims to expand the scope of the study beyond the existing focus on the politics of Japanese dead, primarily centered on the relocation of comforting the spirits of deceased Japanese, to encompass the significance of rituals related to Japanese civilian deaths in colonies. Before and after the political agreement between the two countries to normalize diplomatic relations between Korea and Japan, the civilian level of Korea and Japan consoled the dead against the backdrop of their own view of death. On the contrary, at the national level, both contries are responding to and dealing with Japanese remains based on political judgment. Meanwhile, the Japanese side has been continuing the politics of comforting the spirits by putting a private organization composed of Japanese individuals in Busan at the forefront as the organizer.

지방공무원의 조직시민행동 결정요인에 관한 연구

권용수(Yong Soo Kwon),석재왕(jaewang Seok),신종대(Jongdae Shin) 한국인사행정학회 2023 한국인사행정학회보 Vol.22 No.1

본 연구는 지방공무원의 적극적·긍정적 조직행태로 대표되는 조직시민행동과 이에 영향을 미치는 결정요인으로 공공봉사동기와 조직신뢰의 인과관계를 이론적으로 설명하고 실증적으로 검증하는데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구의 설문조사자료에 대한 분석은 다음과 같은 의미있는 결과를 제시하였다. 첫째, 빈도분석결과는 조직시민행동과 공공봉사동기에 대한 인식수준이 낮은 수준이라는 결과를 제시하였다. 둘째, 본 연구의 상관관계 분석결과는 조직시민행동과 이에 영향을 미치는 공공봉사동기와 조직신뢰간에 유의미한 관계성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다중회귀분석결과는 공공봉사동기와 조직신뢰가 조직시민행동에 유의미한 영향을 미친다는 결과를 제시하였다. 본 연구는 지방공무원의 조직시민행동의 증진을 위해서는 공무원 개인의 공공봉사동기가 중요하며, 조직관리차원에서의 조직신뢰 증진을 위한 노력이 필요함을 제시하였다. The purpose of this study was to review and examine effects of public service motivation and organizational trust to local servants’ organizational citizenship behaviors that represent positive and pro-active organizational behaviors of local public servants. Results of analysis in this study suggests the following implications. First, this study found that local public servants had a low level of perceptions on organizational citizenship behaviors and public service motivation. Secondly, this study found that all variables included in the theoretical framework had significant correlations among them. Thirdly, results of multiple regression analysis suggested that public service motivation and organizational trust significantly affect to organizational citizenship behaviors. Practically, this study emphasized the importance of the integrated human resource management strategies that improve local public servants’ organizational citizenship behaviors, public service motivation, and organizational trust.