제주지역 1차산업과 관광산업과의 융복합화 방안: 농촌관광을 중심으로 (p.9-24)

홍성화 제주관광학회 2009 제주관광학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.1

戰爭犯罪理論 : 主로 平和·人道·叛逆에 대한 犯罪理論을 中心으로

洪性化 건국대학교 1970 學術誌 Vol.11 No.1

The problems concerning to war crimes have been closedup as the object of great controversy among the scholars of the victorious and defeated nations since the ending of World War II. We can point out the reason of this controversy as follows : Wethought only violation of war codes in the conduct of war constituted war crimes before World War II. Since the ending of World War II, however, crimes against humanity and peace were brought into the category of war crime as new types of war crimes. The purpose of this article is to explain the contents and concept of crimes against peace and humanity as new types of war crime and that of normally defined war crimes and to analyze legal problems related with the crimes against humanity, and peace, particularly individual responsibilty, examples of judgement at the Inter-natinal Military Tribunal and the retroactivity of law actions.

방폐물 해상운반과 관련된 해상보험 문제

홍성화,이창희 해양환경안전학회 2018 해양환경안전학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.06

영국요트보험약관에 있어서 요트보험자의 보상책임에 관한 해석론적 고찰

홍성화 한국해법학회 2006 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.28 No.1

국가와 사회단체의 사이에서— 청대 『파현당안』에 관한 해외 연구 동향 —

홍성화 수선사학회 2020 史林 Vol.0 No.72

In Qing Dynasty, the area Chongqing(Baxian) area depopulated significantly after the revolt of Zhang Xianzhong and migrants from outside filled up this gap. This paper analyzed the overseas researches on Baxian archives. In general, most of Chinese researches on disputes in commerce and industry took up a great deal while the Japanese research tended to be more diverse. Based on these studies, the aspects of social order in Baxian area in Qing Dynasty are as follows. The local officials in Baxian area did intervene in the civil disputes after it happens, not in advance. As the high frequency of disputes, each merchant group or immigrant group was entrusted as the mediator to resolve the issues. However, these social groups were not legally or institutionally supported organizations, but arbitrary organizations free to organize and dissolve. In Qing Dynasty, local officials used these groups to intervene in civilian order indirectly and tried to control it to ease the backlash of the dispute. Thus social organizations in Banan area could not exist independently but rely on the support of public officials heavily. In Baxian area, the authority of local officials lies in a way of the ultimate mediator or solution for conflicts not by controlling the local community in detail with administrative power. .

중계 구간의 개수가 다르고 RDPS가 비대칭인 분산 제어 링크

홍성화,이성렬 한국항행학회 2019 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.23 No.6

The configuration of dispersion-managed optical link with optical phase conjugator, which is placed at the non-midway of total transmission length, is proposed for implementing of the flexible optical network. The optical phase conjugator is located between the former half transmission section and the latter half transmission section, which are consisted of 6 fiber spans and 14 fiber spans respectively, and the averaged RDPS of each half transmission section are inconsistence. And, the artificial distribution of each fiber span’s RDPS, which are gradually increased/decreased as the span numbers are increased, is adopted to compensate for the distorted wavelength division multiplexed channels. From the simulation results, it is confirmed that the compensation in dispersion-managed link configured by a special distribution pattern among 16 proposed patterns, in which the RDPS of each fiber spans are gradually decreased/increased in the former/latter half section with the small deviation, is suitable to compensate for the distorted wavelength division multiplexed channels. 광 네트워크의 융통적 구성을 위해 전체 전송로 중간이 아닌 위치에 존재하는 광 위상 공액기를 갖는 분산 제어 링크를 제안하였다. 제안하는 분산 제어 링크에서 광 위상 공액기는 6개 중계 구간으로 구성되는 전반 전송 구획과 14개로 구성되는 후반 전송 구획 사이에 존재하고, 각 전송 반 구획에서의 평균 중계 구간 당 잉여 분산 (RDPS; residual dispersion per span)이 서로 다른 비대칭 구조이다. 또한 파장 분할 다중 채널의 왜곡 보상을 위하여 각 중계 구간마다 실제 RDPS를 점진적으로 증가/감소시키는 인위적 분포 구조를 채택하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 제안된 16개의 비대칭 분포 제어 링크 구조 중 인접한 중계 구간 간 RDPS 편차를 적게 하여 전반 전송 구획에서는 중계 구간의 실제 RDPS를 점진적으로 감소시키고 후반 전송 구획에서는 중계 구간의 실제 RDPS를 점진적으로 증가시키는 구조가 왜곡된 파장 분할 다중 채널의 보상에 적합한 것을 확인하였다.

淸代後期 巴縣地域의 度量衡 使用實態와 紛糾解決

홍성화 명청사학회 2009 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.31

本稿では清末、四川省巴県の八省客長を素材にして、度量衡をめぐる個別商工業者の地域結合が果たして可能であったかを考察してきた。かかる四川省巴県の八省客長という事例は移られた客商たちが協議体を組織して、相互度量衡を設定したという点から、孤立的な組織化を超えて、度量衡の地域統一の可能性が予想される事例であった。しかし、巴県档案を始めた史料を読むかぎり、協議による度量衡の統合設定の事例は確かに存在したが、巴県全体の数量からみれば、一部分の事例に止まった。八省客長の協議がそんなに大きな権威を持つのもなかったし、彼らの背後に置かれた地方官の権威に多く依存していた。また、度量衡の一致度からしても、巴県の度量衡の状態も他の地域と同じく、依然として分散的な性格から離れなかったのである。 また、八省客長も商工業者の水平的な結合から出発したのではなく、あくまで地方官からの商工業者を管理する任務が当たられたのであったといえる。この意味で、度量衡に対する八省客長の設定もやはり地方官からの自律性を持ったとはいえない。業種別また出身地別に分かれた各々の商人団体はお互いに繋がりを持たずに孤立的に度量衡や貨幣、そして商品の価額を設定してきた。そして、商人団体の内部で行規が崩れた際、商工業者たちが依存した最終的な権威が他の商人団体もなかったし、巴県の地域社会の世論でもなかった。最終的な判決はあくまで地方官であった。逆に言えば、商人団体の低い自律性はこのような商人団体の分散性と深く関係をもっていたといえる。

韓半島의 統一과 國際法

洪性化 건국대학교 1989 學術誌 Vol.33 No.1

Although there have been conferences and suggestions by both the South and North Korean authorities on the unification of Korean Peninsula, there was nothing realistically realized. It could be mentioned so far that both South and North Korean relations have been implemented from two kinds of directions. One had been the military confrontation. Both South and North Korea feel the military threat from lath other and under each side's moral duty both hove been increasing the military power and appropriating military expense with a great amount of budget. Occasionally, this kind of military confrontation collides against each other or leads the feeling of danger on a clash. Other one had been that while both sides have been strengthening the military power on one hand stressing the unification by the peaceful method on the other. Since the opening of South-North Red Cross Conference in 1971 after the announcement of principles in order to achieve the unification of Korean Peninsula through the July 4 Joint Statement, the South and North Korea progressed South North Dialogue once actively but some times discontinued. However until this day, the situation had been that a complete discontinuity was not desired by both sides. This thesis first of all illuminates the unification policies of both South and North Korea and the process of their dialogues in the South-North relations from First Republic to Sixth Republic. Secondly, from the aspect of international law, legal relations between South and North Korea with respect to international law were studied and analyzed (so called true problem of legal party concerned in the armistice agreement and legal status (war time or peace time) between South and North Korea). And, in conclusion, it was recommended the necessity of an agreement dealing with basic relationship. The precondition in the unification of Korean Peninsula is that without promoting the trust between South and North Korea regardless of any discussion on the unification would not be possible.

중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십이 조직유효성에 미치는 영향

홍성화,최은수 한국기업교육학회 2011 기업교육과인재연구 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of authentic leadership of the CEO of small and medium business(SMB) on the organizational effectiveness in order to seek for solution of improving the organizational effectiveness of SMB. Research questions for the purpose of this study are; what influence does the authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB have on the level of learning organization? what influence do the authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB and learning organization have on the positive psychological capital(PsyCap) of the employees? what influence do the authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB, learning organization and PsyCap of the employees have on the organizational effectiveness? Participants for this study were 614 employees working for SMBs located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do and they responded to questionnaires for authentic leadership, learning organization, PsyCap of the employees and organizational effectiveness. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB was found to have a direct positive effect on learning organization. Second, authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB was found to have no direct positive effect on the PsyCap of the employees but to have indirect effect only through the intervening variable of learning organization. Learning organization was found to have direct positive effect on the PsyCap of the employees. Third, authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB was found to have no direct positive effect on the organizational effectiveness but to have only indirect effect through the intervening variables of learning organization and the PsyCap of the employees. PsyCap of the employees was found to have direct positive effect on the organizational effectiveness. This study implies that the development of authentic leadership of the CEO of SMB could improve the organizational effectiveness of SMB through the raise of the level of learning organization and PsyCap of the employees. 본 연구는 중소기업의 조직유효성 향상 방안을 모색하기 위해 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십이 조직유효성에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 연구문제는 첫째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십은 학습조직에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? 둘째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십과 학습조직은 구성원의 심리자본에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? 셋째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십과 학습조직 및 구성원의 심리자본은 조직유효성에 어떤 영향을 미치는가이다. 연구를 위한 자료는 서울특별시와 경기도에 소재한 중소기업 구성원 614명이 작성한 설문지를 통해 수집하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십은 학습조직에 직접적인 정적효과가 있었다. 둘째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십은 구성원의 심리자본에 직접적인 정적 효과는 없고 학습조직을 매개로 한 간접효과만 있었다. 학습조직은 심리자본에 직접적인 정적 효과가 있었다. 셋째, 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십은 조직유효성에 대해 직접적인 정적효과는 없었고, 학습조직과 구성원의 심리자본을 매개로 한 간접효과만 있었다. 구성원의 심리자본은 조직유효성에 직접적인 정적효과가 있었다. 본 연구결과는 중소기업 최고경영자의 오센틱 리더십 개발이 학습조직 수준향상과 구성원의 심리자본 증가를 통하여 조직유효성 향상으로 이어질 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

18세기(世紀) 중국(中國) 강남지역(江南地域)의 화폐사용관행(貨幣使用慣行)

홍성화 명청사학회 2011 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.36

18世紀江南地區的貨幣市場中曾存在過,包括銅錢、銀兩、錢票、洋銀在內的很多種貨幣。而且這些貨幣也沒有統一,它們又可細分爲很多種。因此,這些貨幣之間産生了競爭關係,在不同時期它們的重要性也隨之發生了改變。 明代以來,隨著西洋銀的流入,中國和日本漸漸被拖入到了世界經濟體制當中。淸朝的海禁令阻止了銀的流入,隨之中國社會中出現了“穀賤現象”。在這種背景下,銀不但成爲了一般等价物,而且在高額商品的交換中,人們也漸漸把銀作爲支付手段使用了。但是,乾隆初期,這種現象發生了一定的改變。在江南地區的商品交換中,銅錢又成爲了主要的貨幣。甚至在土地買賣的過程中,也出現了使用銅錢的現象。在高額商品的交換中,銀一直被視爲主要的貨幣,但是銀有著很大缺陷,卽,它的價値很難被評估,銀在信用體系中具有‘信息不對稱(Asymmetric Information)’。針對銀的這種缺陷,淸朝又開始發行了大量的銅錢,從而作爲一般貨物的交換手段。市場中出現了很多小額商品的交換,而銀作爲高額面値,很難適應這種新的變化了。 應該說,淸代的貨幣市場中存在著很多種貨幣。私自鑄造的銅錢也與政府正式發行的“制錢”一同流通於商場當中了。因此市場選擇那種貨幣,不是取決於是不是政府發行的,而是取決於它是否具有充實的價値。洋銀自由流通於中國市場的現象,就能說明一切。應該說,淸朝時期很多種貨幣都可以自由融入到中國的市場中,信用度越高的貨幣也漸漸占據了市場。中國市場中出現了不同於‘格雷欣法則’的現象。 如上所述,淸朝社會中,比起作爲高額貨幣以及對外貿易支付手段的銀兩,具有小額面値的銅錢更加頻繁地使用於小民的商品交換中。政府更加重視了銅錢的發行和流通,隨之銀也就受到了冷落,鴉片戰爭之前的中國社會中,重商主義的觀點也就沒有登場了。