初対面の雑談における連鎖構造分析

張良光(Chang, Yang-Kwang) 한국일본문화학회 2016 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.69

This study considers small talk as a sort of communication. To discover small talk’s norms and rules, the organization of utterance sequences were established to analyze utterance sequence patterns. As a result, when a listener shows understanding/, evaluation/, or sympathy toward a speaker’s provision of information, a speaker tends to give detailed information and helps the listener understand. Next, as a consequence of analyzing sequence organizations with implanted sequence confirmation, a listener tends to show sequence confirmation to reduce unclearness that comes from a speaker’s uncertain provision of information. When the analysis of sequence organization provides information of switching roles of a listener and speaker, the tendency, to which a speaker talks about recent stuff while a listener sympathizes and provides back information with the listener’s own recent small talk, was discovered. Finally, as a result of analyzing about language form, there are numbers of hedges to describe a speaker’s ambiguousness in utterance of provision of information.

접촉장면에 있어서 연쇄구조연구의 일고찰 -콘텍스트의 영향을 중심으로-

장양광 ( Yang Kwang Chang ) 한국일어일문학회 2015 日語日文學硏究 Vol.94 No.1

우리는 발화 하나하나에 포함된 콘텍스트의 영향을 몰래 획득하여 실천을 되풀이한다. 또한 자유로운 대화에서 발화의 교환은 화제라는 한 목표를 가지며 다양한 발화가 존재하는 데 있어서 그 목표를 잃지 않는다. 따라서 발화의 쌓임을 보는 것이 화제를 보는 것과 마찬가지라고 생각한다. 즉, 화제도 콘텍스트의 영향을 띈다. 이 연구는 실제로 콘텍스트의 영향이 어디에 어떻게 나타나는지 화제를 고려하여 분석하고자한다. 따라서 먼저 콘텍스트를 실천를 통해 얻어진 자원이 가능한 지식라고 정하여 화제의 추이(推移)와 더불어 그 영향을 보았다. 또한 화제의 범위는 첫대면 접촉장면의 대화자료를 취급하여 질문부터 시작을 한 연쇄조직을 화제로 인정했다. 우선 분석자료 전반에 보인 특징으로 첫대면 대화에서는 자기소개부터 일본어로 화제가 전환하는 경향이 보였다. 또한 화제가 바뀌기 전에 일본어교실담화에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 “はい(하이)”의 사용이 보였다. 일본어모어화자는 일본어 교수경험이 있으며 학습자와의 접촉에 의해 “はい(하이)”의 사용이 나타난 것으로 생각된다. 일본어모어화자가 이전에 사용된 발화 속에 나온 키워드를 사용하여 화제를 전환시키는 양상도 볼 수 있었다. 다음은 일본어모어화자가 화제전환 부분에 돌연함이 나타나지 않도록 화제의 접착부분을 구성하는 모습이 보였다. 마지막으로, 현재 진행 중인 대화에서도 모어화자의 발화가 학습자에게 인풋(input)을 촉진하여 학습자는 이것을 바로 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 분석한 결과, 콘텍스트의 영향은 일본어학습자들뿐만 아니라 일본어모어화자들에게도 준 것을 알게 되었다. In their daily life, people repeatedly have their conversation using the effect of context unconsciously acquired from every single utterance. Also, during open communication, they keep to the subject even though there are diverse utterances. Therefore, analyzing sequence organization consisting of a stack of utterances will be the same way for analyzing topic. That is, it shows that context has an impact on topic. In this paper, it is analyzed where and how the effect of context shows in fact with topic considered. First of all, the impact of context along with topic shift is studied, assuming that context can be defined as knowledge resource acquired by practice. Also, the range of topics is considered as sequence organization starting from questions which are seen firstly in the contact situation. On the basis of conversation analysis data, it shows a major trend of topic shift from self-introduction to Japanese when in the first fact to fact conversation.Before this topic shift, the use of “はい(hai)” is often observed which is easily heard in Japanese conversation class. Some of all subjects, Japanese native speakers, are having experience in teaching Japanese and in this respect it seems the use of “はい(hai)” appears from previous experience in coming in contact with Japanese learner. It’s also shown that Japanese native speakers tend to change conversation subject using keywords given from utterance before. When doing topic shift to the different smoothly, they seem to use step-wise topic movements. In conclusion, utterance from Japanese native speakers adds inputs to Japanese learners and they directly use during their conversation at the same time. In this paper, it is analyzed context has an impact on not only Japanese learners but also Japanese native speakers.

初對面雜談における連鎖構造分析の一考察 -意見/評價提示からはじまる連鎖構造を中心に-

장양광 ( Chang Yang-kwang ) 한국일어교육학회 2016 일본어교육연구 Vol.0 No.36

本硏究は、雜談を課題遂行性の低い會話形式として捉え、會話の規範や規則を明らかにするため、發話の連鎖構造を分析した。方法としては、發話ひとつひとつを重ねていき、それを連鎖構造とし、これを話題と反定した。そして、會話參加者の一方が情報の所有者である場合は、情報要求ではじまるものと、情報提供ではじまるものに分類した。また、自己開示を「相手の情報を收集する方法の一つとして、自ら自分自身について相手に話すこと」とし、情報提供からはじまるものを自己開示からはじまる連鎖構造とした。自分自身の情報を利用し、自己開示からはじまる連鎖構造を<意見/評價提示>と<部分的報告>に分類し、このうち<意見/評價提示>からはじまる連鎖構造を中心に分析を行った。その結果、意見/評價提示のあとに同意表明が非常に高い割合で現れ、同意表明をおこなった後は、意見の根據說明が相互になされることがわかった。一方、不同意を表明する場合、聞き手の不同意表明後、意見/評價の訂正が行われ、雙方から意見の根據說明がなされることがわかった。同意表明の言語形式としては、意見提示において、意見提示へのためらいを表すような「なんか」が文頭や文末へ、斷定を避ける「~けど」や、同意を求める「~よね」が文末へ表れる傾向があった。一方、不同意表明の言語形式としては、意見提示において意見提示へのためらいを表すように節末の音を伸ばしたり、斷定を避ける「~けど」が表れる傾向があった。不同意表明では「でも」が表れる傾向があり、意見/評價訂正では、「なるほど」という理解を示すものと文末表現「~ね」が見られた。 This study considers small talk as a sort of communication. To discover small talk’s norms and rules, utterance sequence organization was established to analyze through utterance sequence pattern. This research defined general conversation’s rules and regulations to be like other types of conversation. In the results of the analysis of the first utterance, 62.9% of conversations started from questions, 29.03% of conversations started from opinions, 7.74% started from the sharing of common sense, and 0.32% began from other first utterances. As a result, appeared at a high proportion of consent expressed after the opinion / evaluation, after you made the agreement announced, it was found that the grounds description of the opinion will be made to each other. On the other hand, in the case of disagreement expressed, after the announcement of the disagreement of the listener, the correction of opinion / evaluation was done. And it was found that grounds explaining views from both is made.

初對面雜談における連鎖組織の一考察 -話題の對象を中心に-

장양광 ( Yang Kwang Chang ) 한국일본어교육학회 2015 日本語敎育 Vol.0 No.72

In this research, a topic of first time meeting conversation to make a new human relationship is analysed. Basically, the topic of sequence organization is analysed and break sequence organization down into patterns. The result of analysis in 10 conversation data, about 63 percents of sequence organizations are started from questions; about 29 percents of sequence organizations are started from opinion and about 8 percents of sequence organizations are started from sharing common elements. Moreover, some tendencies are found in this research when considering about target topic. For example, research participants who started sequence organizations with question were more likely to talk about other research participant. Research participants who started sequence organizations with opinion were more likely talked about related participants’ event and/or thought. Research participants who started sequence organizations with sharing common elements are were likely talked about related participants’ thought.

初対面雑談における連鎖構造分析の一考察

張良光(Chang, Yang kwang) 동아시아일본학회 2015 일본문화연구 Vol.0 No.55

잡담은 자유로운 이미지가 강한 대화이며, 목표가 명확히 보이지 않아 구조화시키기가 어려운 대화이다. 본 연구는 잡담의 구조화를 발화의 연쇄조직을 통해서 밝히자고 했다. 화제개시부분의 첫 발화에 어떤 발화가 나타날지 분석을 한 결과, 질문에서 시작한 연쇄조직이 전체의 62.71%, 의견에서 시작한 연쇄조직이 29.04%, 공유에서 시작한 연쇄조직이 7.92%, 그리고 기타가 0.33%로 나타났다. 이는 본 대화 자료가 첫대면대화이었기 때문에 공유하는 정보가 없어서 질문에서 시작한 연쇄조직이 많았다고 생각된다. 즉, 공유할 수 있는 정보를 찾기 위해서 상대에게 정보를 요구하는 것이 많았다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 질문에서 시작한 연쇄조직을 중심으로 분석을 하였다. 질문에서 시작한 연쇄조직을 분석한 결과, 세 번째 발화에 ‘이해’가 나타나는 것과 ‘평가’가 나타나는 것에 차이가 있었다. 이해가 나타나는 연쇄조직은 질문하는 사람이 요구하는 정보를 얻었다면 이해의 맞장구를 쳐 화제를 종료시키는 것이 보였다. 또한 평가가 나타나는 연쇄조직은 정보에 대한 놀라움과 의외의 느낌 등을 나타내 화제를 지속시키는 것이 보였다. This research defined general conversation’s rules and regulations to be like other types of conversation. In the results of the analysis of the first utterance, 62.71% of conversations started from questions, 29.04% of conversations started from opinions, 7.92% started from the sharing of common sense, and 0.33% began from other first utterances. Since the research object was first-meeting conversations, the sequence pattern of the topic was non-covalent. Therefore, the interviewer required some kind of information to converse with a partner. This research mainly analyzed the sequence patterns that started from questions. As a result of analysis, two significant sequence patterns were found in the third utterance, which are uptakeandevaluation. In situations in which uptake appears in the third utterance as a sequence pattern, the interviewer ended the conversation by nodding when he or she had gotten enough information on the related topic. On the other hand, in situations in which evaluation appeared in the third utterance as a sequence pattern, the interviewer expressed his or her emotion such as surprise. Those expressions triggered further conversation on the related topic.