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Zhang, Linwen,Foreman, Daniel P.,Grant, Paaqua A.,Shrestha, Bindesh,Moody, Sally A.,Villiers, Florent,Kwak, June M.,Vertes, Akos The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 The Analyst Vol.139 No.20
<P>Advances in single cell analysis techniques have demonstrated cell-to-cell variability in both homogeneous and heterogeneous cell populations strengthening our understanding of multicellular organisms and individual cell behaviour. However, additional tools are needed for non-targeted metabolic analysis of live single cells in their native environment. Here, we combine capillary microsampling with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility separation (IMS) for the analysis of various single <I>A. thaliana</I> epidermal cell types, including pavement and basal cells, and trichomes. To achieve microsampling of different cell types with distinct morphology, custom-tailored microcapillaries were used to extract the cell contents. To eliminate the isobaric interferences and enhance the ion coverage in single cell analysis, a rapid separation technique, IMS, was introduced that retained ions based on their collision cross sections. For each cell type, the extracted cell material was directly electrosprayed resulting in ∼200 peaks in ESI-MS and ∼400 different ions in ESI-IMS-MS, the latter representing a significantly enhanced coverage. Based on their accurate masses and tandem MS, 23 metabolites and lipids were tentatively identified. Our results indicated that profound metabolic differences existed between the trichome and the other two cell types but differences between pavement and basal cells were hard to discern. The spectra indicated that in all three <I>A. thaliana</I> cell types the phenylpropanoid metabolism pathway had high coverage. In addition, metabolites from the subpathway, sinapic acid ester biosynthesis, were more abundant in single pavement and basal cells, whereas compounds from the kaempferol glycoside biosynthesis pathway were present at significantly higher level in trichomes. Our results demonstrate that capillary microsampling coupled with ESI-IMS-MS captures metabolic differences between <I>A. thaliana</I> epidermal cell types, paving the way for the non-targeted analysis of single plant cells and subcellular compartments.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Capillary microsampling combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is demonstrated for the metabolic analysis of single <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I> epidermal cells. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4an01018c'> </P>
Photoinitiated ring‐opening metathesis polymerization
Joo, Wontae,Chen, Christopher H.,Moerdyk, Jonathan P.,Deschner, Ryan P.,Bielawski, Christopher W.,Willson, Carlton Grant John WileySons, Inc. 2019 Journal of polymer science Part A, Polymer chemist Vol.57 No.17
<P>This study is based on a latent ruthenium catalyst that includes a Schiff base moiety. This catalyst was formulated with a photoacid generator and a ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) active monomer such as cyclooctadiene or dicyclopentadiene. Exposure of this mixture to ultraviolet light generates acid that protonates the Schiff base and thereby renders the latent catalyst active, leading to ROMP of the monomer. A resist system based on new photoinitiated ROMP chemistry has been developed. This type of formulation has been used to produce high‐resolution replicas of a transparent mold by imprint lithography.</P>
Huang, Chun,Kim, Ayoung,Chung, Dong Jae,Park, Eunjun,Young, Neil P.,Jurkschat, Kerstin,Kim, Hansu,Grant, Patrick S. American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.18
<P>Si-based high-capacity materials have gained much attention as an alternative to graphite in Li-ion battery anodes. Although Si additions to graphite anodes are now commercialized, the fraction of Si that can be usefully exploited is restricted due to its poor cyclability arising from the large volume changes during charge/discharge. Si/SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> nanocomposites have also shown promising behavior, such as better capacity retention than Si alone because the amorphous SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> helps to accommodate the volume changes of the Si. Here, we demonstrate a new electrode architecture for further advancing the performance of Si/SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> nanocomposite anodes using a scalable layer-by-layer atomization spray deposition technique. We show that particulate C interlayers between the current collector and the Si/SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> layer and between the separator and the Si/SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> layer improved electrical contact and reduced irreversible pulverization of the Si/SiO<I><SUB>x</SUB></I> significantly. Overall, the multiscale approach based on microstructuring at the electrode level combined with nanoengineering at the material level improved the capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability compared to that of an anode comprising a random mixture of the same materials.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Carr, Steven A.,Abbatiello, Susan E.,Ackermann, Bradley L.,Borchers, Christoph,Domon, Bruno,Deutsch, Eric W.,Grant, Russell P.,Hoofnagle, Andrew N.,Hü,ttenhain, Ruth,Koomen, John M.,Liebler, Danie The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecula 2014 Molecular and Cellular Proteomics Vol.13 No.3
<P>Adoption of targeted mass spectrometry (MS) approaches such as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to study biological and biomedical questions is well underway in the proteomics community. Successful application depends on the ability to generate reliable assays that uniquely and confidently identify target peptides in a sample. Unfortunately, there is a wide range of criteria being applied to say that an assay has been successfully developed. There is no consensus on what criteria are acceptable and little understanding of the impact of variable criteria on the quality of the results generated. Publications describing targeted MS assays for peptides frequently do not contain sufficient information for readers to establish confidence that the tests work as intended or to be able to apply the tests described in their own labs. Guidance must be developed so that targeted MS assays with established performance can be made widely distributed and applied by many labs worldwide. To begin to address the problems and their solutions, a workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health with representatives from the multiple communities developing and employing targeted MS assays. Participants discussed the analytical goals of their experiments and the experimental evidence needed to establish that the assays they develop work as intended and are achieving the required levels of performance. Using this “fit-for-purpose” approach, the group defined three tiers of assays distinguished by their performance and extent of analytical characterization. Computational and statistical tools useful for the analysis of targeted MS results were described. Participants also detailed the information that authors need to provide in their manuscripts to enable reviewers and readers to clearly understand what procedures were performed and to evaluate the reliability of the peptide or protein quantification measurements reported. This paper presents a summary of the meeting and recommendations.</P>
Relativistic Hydrodynamics and Quasiperiodic Oscillations
MATHEWS GRANT J.,FRAGILE P. CHRIS,WILSON JANES R. The Korean Astronomical Society 2001 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.34 No.4
We present preliminary numerical simulations of tilted-disk accretion around a rotating black hole. Our goal is to explore whether hydrodynamic instabilities near the Bardeen-Petterson radius could be responsible for generating moderate-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations in X-ray binaries. We review the relevant general relativistic hydrodynamic equations, and discuss preliminary results on the structure and dynamics of a thin, Keplerian disk.
Multiple cutout optimization in composite plates using evolutionary structural optimization
Falzon, Brian G.,Steven, Grant P.,Xie, Mike Y. Techno-Press 1997 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.5 No.5
The optimization of cutouts in composite plates was investigated by implementing a procedure known as Evolutionary Structural Optimization. Perforations were introduced into a finite element mesh of the plate from which one or more cutouts of a predetermined size were evolved. In the examples presented, plates were rejected from around each evolving cutout based on a predefined rejection criterion. The limiting ply within each plate element around the cutout was determined based on the Tsai-Hill failure criterion. Finite element plates with values below the product of the average Tsai-Hill number and a rejection criterion were subsequently removed. This process was iterated until a steady state was reached and the rejection criterion was then incremented by an evolutionary rate and the above steps repeated until the desired cutout area was achieved. Various plates with differing lay-up and loading parameters were investigated to demonstrate the generality and robustness of this optimization procedure.
Optimization of thin shell structures subjected to thermal loading
Li, Qing,Steven, Grant P.,Querin, O.M.,Xie, Y.M. Techno-Press 1999 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.7 No.4
The purpose of this paper is to show how the Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) algorithm developed by Xie and Steven can be extended to optimal design problems of thin shells subjected to thermal loading. This extension simply incorporates an evolutionary iterative process of thermoelastic thin shell finite element analysis. During the evolution process, lowly stressed material is gradually eliminated from the structure. This paper presents a number of examples to demonstrate the capabilities of the ESO algorithm for solving topology optimization and thickness distribution problems of thermoelastic thin shells.