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Color change of lithium disilicate ceramic veneer on different thicknesses with and without glazing
( Se-hoon Kahm ),( Un-chang Heo ),( Sung-joon Kim ) 조선대학교 구강생물학연구소 2017 Oral Biology Research (Oral Biol Res) Vol.41 No.1
The purpose of this study was to compare the translucency and color change of laminate ceramic veneers on different thicknesses before and after glazing. Square-shaped specimens that were 0.3 mm, 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm thick, respectively, were fabricated with the Styleveneers (n=30). The color coordinates (CIE L* a* b*) of the specimens were measured before and after glazing with a colorimeter. For a comparison between the `not glazed` and `glazed` groups and among the thicknesses, data were analyzed with a paired T-test, oneway ANOVA test and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 (p=0.05). The translucency parameter (TP) of the 0.3 mm- and 0.6 mm-thick specimens showed statistically significant differences before and after the glazing process. The one-way ANOVA of color difference (ΔE*) and change of color coordinate (ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*) were statistically different among samples of different thicknesses. The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that Δb*, ΔL* improve ΔE*. Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that the glazing step changes the translucency of 0.3 mm- and 0.6 mm-thick specimens and the color of lithium disilicate laminate ceramic veneers.
Effect of Inorganic and Organic Germanium Treatments on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
( Yong Hwa Cheong ),( Sung Un Kim ),( Dong Cheol Seo ),( Nam Ik Chang ),( Jun Bae Lee ),( Jong Hwan Park ),( Kap Soon Kim ),( Sang Don Kim ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ),( Jong Soo Heo ),( Ju Sik Cho ) 한국응용생명화학회 2009 Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry (J. Appl. Vol.52 No.4
Effect of Inorganic and Organic Germanium Treatments on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
( Yong Hwa Cheong ),( Sung Un Kim ),( Dong Cheol Seo ),( Nam Ik Chang ),( Jun Bae Lee ),( Jong Hwan Park ),( Kap Soon Kim ),( Sang Don Kim ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ),( Jong Soo Heo ),( Ju Sik Cho ) 한국응용생명화학회 2009 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.52 No.4
Germanium (Ge) is a rare heavy metal and is known to toxic to plants at high level. However, there is little evidence about the Ge effect on plant growth. Here, we investigated the effect of inorganic (GeO2) and organic (Ge-132) germanium on lettuce growth by treatment with various concentrations of GeO2 and Ge-132. Under GeO2 treatment, lettuce growth was not much inhibited at 2.5 mg/L concentration and then significantly inhibited at 5 mg/L concentration. However, under Ge-132 treatment, lettuce growth was not much inhibited by concentrations up to 10 mg/L. Relative fresh weight of lettuce at 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg/L concentrations was 99, 76, 65 and 35% in GeO2 treatments and was 105, 99, 97 and 75% in Ge-132 treatments, respectively. In GeO2 treatments, Ge was highly accumulated in the roots at concentration below 10 mg/L and in the shoots at concentration above 25 mg/L. However, Ge was primarily accumulated in the roots at all Ge-132 concentrations. Accumulated Ge amounts of plants under GetO2 treatment were 0.72 mg/ g DW in roots and 0.27 mg/ g DW in shoots at a 10 mg/L concentration. At a 50 mg/L concentration of GeO2, the Ge content was 0.77 mg/g DW in roots and 1.58 mg/g DW in shoots, respectively. Based on our results, inorganic germanium is more toxic for lettuce growth than organic germanium. Upper critical toxic levels for lettuce growth were 2.5 to 5 mg/L concentrations in GeO2, treatments and 10 to 25 mg/L concentration in Ge-132 treatments, respectively.
Effect of Inorganic and Organic Germanium Treatments on the Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Cheong, Yong-Hwa,Kim, Sung-Un,Seo, Dong-Cheol,Chang, Nam-Ik,Lee, Jun-Bae,Park, Jong-Hwan,Kim, Kap-Soon,Kim, Sang-Don,Kim, Hyeon-Tae,Heo, Jong-Soo,Cho, Ju-Sik The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2009 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.52 No.4
Germanium (Ge) is a rare heavy metal and is known to toxic to plants at high level. However, there is little evidence about the Ge effect on plant growth. Here, we investigated the effect of inorganic ($GeO_2$) and organic (Ge-132) germanium on lettuce growth by treatment with various concentrations of $GeO_2$ and Ge-132. Under $GeO_2$ treatment, lettuce growth was not much inhibited at 2.5 mg/L concentration and then significantly inhibited at 5 mg/L concentration. However, under Ge-132 treatment, lettuce growth was not much inhibited by concentrations up to 10 mg/L. Relative fresh weight of lettuce at 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 mg/L concentrations was 99, 76, 65 and 35% in $GeO_2$ treatments and was 105, 99, 97 and 75% in Ge-132 treatments, respectively. In $GeO_2$ treatments, Ge was highly accumulated in the roots at concentration below 10 mg/L and in the shoots at concentration above 25 mg/L. However, Ge was primarily accumulated in the roots at all Ge-132 concentrations. Accumulated Ge amounts of plants under $GeO_2$ treatment were 0.72 mg/g DW in roots and 0.27 mg/g DW in shoots at a 10 mg/L concentration. At a 50 mg/L concentration of $GeO_2$, the Ge content was 0.77 mg/g DW in roots and 1.58 mg/g DW in shoots, respectively. Based on our results, inorganic germanium is more toxic for lettuce growth than organic germanium. Upper critical toxic levels for lettuce growth were 2.5 to 5 mg/L concentrations in $GeO_2$ treatments and 10 to 25 mg/L concentration in Ge-132 treatments, respectively.