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Attenuated reovirus displays oncolysis with reduced host toxicity
Kim, M,Garant, K A,zur Nieden, N I,Alain, T,Loken, S D,Urbanski, S J,Forsyth, P A,Rancourt, D E,Lee, P W K,Johnston, R N Nature Publishing Group 2011 The British journal of cancer Vol.104 No.2
<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>Although the naturally occurring reovirus causes only mild symptoms in humans, it shows considerable potential as an oncolytic agent because of its innate ability to target cancer cells. In immunocompromised hosts, however, wild-type reovirus can target healthy tissues, including heart, liver, pancreas and neural structures.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>We characterized an attenuated form of reovirus (AV) derived from a persistently infected cell line through sequence analysis, as well as western blot and <I>in vitro</I> transcription and translation techniques. To examine its pathogenesis and oncolytic potential, AV reovirus was tested on healthy embryonic stem cells, various non-transformed and transformed cell lines, and in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with tumour xenografts.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Sequence analysis of AV reovirus revealed a premature STOP codon in its sigma 1 attachment protein. Western blot and <I>in vitro</I> translation confirmed the presence of a truncated <I>σ</I>1. In comparison to wild-type reovirus, AV reovirus did not kill healthy stem cells or induce black tail formation in SCID mice. However, it did retain its ability to target cancer cells and reduce tumour size.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>Despite containing a truncated attachment protein, AV reovirus still preferentially targets cancer cells, and compared with wild-type reovirus it shows reduced toxicity when administered to immunodeficient hosts, suggesting the potential use of AV reovirus in combination cancer therapy.</P>
Highly durable fuel cell electrodes based on ionomers dispersed in glycerol
Kim, Y. S.,Welch, C. F.,Mack, N. H.,Hjelm, R. P.,Orler, E. B.,Hawley, M. E.,Lee, K. S.,Yim, S.-D.,Johnston, C. M. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.16 No.13
<P>A major, unprecedented improvement in the durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is obtained by tuning the properties of the interface between the catalyst and the ionomer by choosing the appropriate dispersing medium. While a fuel cell cathode prepared from aqueous dispersion showed 90 mV loss at 0.8 A cm<SUP>−2</SUP> after 30 000 potential cycles (0.6–1.0 V), a fuel cell cathode prepared from glycerol dispersion exhibited only 20 mV loss after 70 000 cycles. This minimum performance loss occurs even though there was an over 80% reduction of electrochemical surface area of the Pt catalyst. These findings indicate that a proper understanding and control of the catalyst–water–ionomer (three-phase) interfaces is even more important for maintaining fuel cell durability in typical electrodes than catalyst agglomeration, and this opens up a novel path for tailoring the functional properties of electrified interfaces.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A major, unprecedented improvement in the durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is obtained by tuning the properties of the interface between the catalyst and the ionomer by choosing the appropriate dispersing medium. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c4cp00496e'> </P>