超分節音素의 分析方法에 對한 一考察

崔光鉉 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1980 어학 Vol.7 No.-

대학교양영어 과정중 청취력과 회화력의 지도개선 방안

崔光鉉 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1973 어학 Vol.1 No.-

By the time students go to college, they will have studied English for some six years. They will be made to learn the same subject one or two more years in college. But the result after all this long period of hard study is, on the average, far below their expectations. The chief reason is that they have mostly been taught by the grammer-translation method from their first year in middle school all the way through their college days. The main element in this disappointing result is that they are lacking in the hearing and speaking power of English. As a result of this studyof possible remedial English courses for college students, I have found the following: 1. In the past, in English teaching methods at the college level, emphasis was mainly placed on students’ reading power, but now their hearing and speaking power are being emphasized equally. 2. their integrative and instrumental motivation for English are stronger than any other subject in college. 3. They are lacking in the fundamental training for hearing and speaking ability, and they should make up for the lack of this ability at the college level. 4. In order to solve the above problem, first of all, the instructor must consider sociolingual factors concerning the development of their hearing and speaking ability. 5. Also, the college instructor must develop a foundamental teaching method for having his students master the English phonetic system. 6. The most effective way to improve the hearing and speaking power at college is to develop the students’ audio-lingual skills through Stevick's microwave method and also, by using the language laboratory.

英語 會話力 向上을 위한 自律的 學習方法 : 大學生을 中心으로 With Reference to College Students

崔光鉉 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1986 어학 Vol.13 No.-

대부분의 대학생들은 6년간의 중고등학교 영어학습에 이어서 1년간의 대학교 교양영어 과정을 마치면 중학교에서 대학 졸업시까지 10년간의 학습기간중 사실상 영어공부는 끝나게 된다. 따라서 나머지 3년간의 영어공부는 각자 자율적 학습방법에 의존하고 있다. 그런데 읽기와 쓰기 능력 향상보다도 듣기와 말하기 능력향상을 위한 자율학습에는 훨씬 더 많은 문제점들이 학습자앞에 가로 놓여 있다고 보겠다. 더군다나 요즈음의 경향은 듣기와 말하기 능력향상에 각급학교에서 종전보다 많은 비중을 두워 가고 있고, 또 그전과는 달리 녹음기와 각종 영어회화 ‘테이프’의 많은 보급, TV를 통한 영어와의 접촉기회 증가, ‘비디오’보급에 따른 학습기회 증가, 영어 radio방송 청취 기회증가, 이에 관한 각종 신문 잡지 서적 등의 급진적 보급 등으로 영어 듣기와 말하기 능력 향상을 위한 자율학습자에게는 어느때보다도 그 여건이 좋아지고 있는 것 같이 보인다. 그러나 언 듯 보기에 아주 좋아진 이러한 여건들도 자율학습자들의 활용방법에 따라서는 별로 효과가 없거나 오히려 정반대로 혼란만을 초래하게 되어 시간적 경제적으로 손실만을 입을 가능성이 아주 큰 것이다. 본 논문에서는 위와 같은 손실을 막고 자율학습자들이 효율적으로 영어 듣기와 말하기 능력향상을 이루어 나아갈 수 있도록 해 주는 최선의 방안을 강구해 내는 데에 그 목적을 두겠다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위하여 첫째로, 중ㆍ고등학교 영어담당교사와 대학교 영어학습자들을 대상으로 하여 설문지 조사를 통하여 영어 듣기와 말하기 학습에 대한 여러 가지 의견들과 학습자들의 현재 실상들을 정확히 파악해 내어 본 연구의 기초 자료로 삼고, 둘째로, 위의 조사결과를 토대로 학습자의 가장 커다란 학습과정 중에 취약점들을 해결해 내는 방향들을 제시하며, 셋째로, 첫째와 둘째의 결과들을 종합하여 전체적으로 본 논문의 목적인 대학생을 중심으로한 영어 회화력 향상을 위한 자율적 학습방법을 마련해 내어 오늘날 영어학습 과정에 있어서 아주 중요시 되고 있는 이 분야에 대한 향상을 도모해 내겠다.

管理會計에서의 專門家시스템 利用에 관한 硏究

최광현 경일대학교 산업정보연구소 1991 産經硏究 Vol.2 No.1

Expert systems have received a great deal of attention in the accounting and business fields recently. This study was undertaken to see if worthwhile applications exit in management accounting. Because the field is so new, the study is descriptive, and its conclusions are in the form of observations rather than generalizing about the use of expert systems in management accounting. In pursuing the study, I approached two firms to see the applicability of expert systems to management accounting. My objective was to develop an expert system to evaluate budget variances in these firms and to describe the problems and results of developing the expert system. I also wanted to determeine other areas where expert systems might be worthwhile in management accounting.

Prognostic Performance of MELD Score after Substitution of Creatinine by Cystatin C: Preliminary Study

( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Ju Hyun Shim ),( Seheon Chang ),( Ji Hyun An ),( Danbi Lee ),( Kang Mo Kim ),( Young-suk Lim ),( Yung Sang Lee ),( Han Chu Lee ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Renal dysfunction is a strong prognostic predictor in cirrhotic patients and the model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score contains creatinine to reflect the renal dysfunction. Conversely, Serum cystatin C is a more surrogate marker of renal function than serum creatinine in the patients with liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to assess the substitution of creatinine by cystatin C improves the prognostic performance of the models. Methods: This prospective study had been enrolled 92 decompensated cirrhotic patients with Child-Pugh class B and C from August 2014 to October 2016 at Asan Medical Center [age (56 ± 12; mean ± standard deviation), sex (65/27; M/F), etiology (Alcohol/HBV/Alcohol+HBV/HCV/others; 42/19/13/7/11), and Child-Pugh class (B/C 41/51)]. Patients who had a history of hepatocellular carcinoma or had other malignant condition or had a severe cardiopulmonary disease which can affect the prognosis or had a history of prior liver or kidney transplantation were excluded. We compared the predictive power of the 90-day mortality (which was defined as death of urgent LT) of cystatin C substitution model and MLED model using ROC curve. Results: Median follow-up duration was 134 days (64-195; range), 29 patients were expired and 8 patient patients undergone urgent LT. In multivariate Cox regression, both cystatin C and creatinine were not independent predictors (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.44-4.93; p=0.53, and 2.40; 0.67-8.55; 0.18, respectively). The 90-day mortality AUCs for the MELD, MELD-Na, cystatin-MELD, cystatin-MELD-Na were 0.80, 0.83, 0.82, 0.82. These differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Substitution of creatinine by cystatin C might not improve the predictive power of MELD. Additional large scale study which could show statistical difference is needed to confirm the result.

Alcohol, Smoking and Overweight as Risk Factors of He-patocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients on Effective Antiviral Treatment

( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Ju Hyun Shim ),( Danbi Lee ),( Kang Mo Kim ),( Young-suk Lim ),( Han Chu Lee ),( Young-hwa Chung ),( Yung Sang Lee ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Heavy alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity have come to be epidemiologically recognized as causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is uncertain whether these risk factors would increase the risk of HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The aim of this study is to identify prognostic effects of such habitual or metabolic risk factors on HCC occurrence in CHB patients under effective antiviral treatment. Methods: This study from an endemic area retrospectively included 2,892 CHB patients aged ≥40 years who started primary or rescue antiviral therapy with entecavir or tenofovir between 2007 and 2015, and continued the therapy for at least 6 months (mean age, 52±8 years; 1,778 males; 426 with a history of heavy alcohol consumption (> 280 g/wk for males and > 140 g/wk for females), 887 with smoking history, 1,717 with high body mass index (> 23 kg/m2), 686 with cirrhosis; 1373 with HBeAg-positive CHB; and 2468 with Child-Pugh class A). No patients had a previous history of HCC or decompensated liver function. We measured incidence rates of HCC according to the non-hepatic factors such as alcohol, smoking and overweight, and examined their individual and combined effects on HCC development. Results: A total of 324 HCC cases were newly identified during a median follow-up of 4.8 years (13,542 person-years). The overall HCC incidence rate was 2.39 (2.15-2.66) per 100 person-years of observation. The annual risk of developing HCC was significantly higher in sets with heavy alcohol consumption (4.17% vs. 2.42%); smoking history (4.36% vs. 2.20%) and overweight (2.78% vs. 1.86%; Ps<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that heavy drinking, ever-smoker, overweight, male gender, older age, previous antiviral treatment, lower HBV DNA, ALT, platelet count and albumin in blood were significantly associated with HCC development (hazard ratios 1.39, 1.61, 1.53, 1.75, 1.06, 0.57, 0.94, 0.997, 0.992, and 0.73, respectively; Ps<0.05). There was no difference in the stage of HCC initially detected across patients with the following 3 risk factors: alcohol-drinking, smoking, and overweight (P=NS). The cumulative incidence of HCC at 5 and 10 years was 11.0% and 21.4%, respectively for the entire patients, and 8.7% vs. 10.7% vs. 16.0%; and 15.3% vs. 22.6% vs 32.9%, respectively for patients without the 3 risk factors (n=792), patients with one of them (n=1037), patients with two or three of them (n=402; Ps<0.05). Conclusions: Our data showed that alcohol-drinking, smoking and overweight were independently and more strongly when combined associated with a significant risk for HCC in antivirals-treated CHB patients. Educating patients to quit drinking and smoking and to reduce their weight may help to prevent HCC and further improve survival in such patients.

Adverse Outcomes of HBeAg-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with High Viral Load and No Significant ALT Elevation

( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Gi-ae Kim ),( Jihyun An ),( Jonggi Choi ),( Seungbong Han ),( Young-suk Lim ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Some HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients have HBV DNA levels >2,000 IU/mL accompanied by persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT). These patients have been regarded to have low risk of progression to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the clinical outcomes of these patients are not well known. Methods: A total of 1,737 consecutive HBeAg-negative adult CHB patients with HBV DNA levels >2,000 IU/mL, but without evidence of cirrhosis, were identified at Asan Medical Center, a tertiary referral hospital in Seoul, Korea, between January 2000 and December 2013, and served as the study population. ‘HBeAg-negative hepatitis’ was defined as high HBV DNA levels (≥2,000 IU/mL) and high ALT levels ≥ 80 IU/mL (n=525); and ‘Pre-active hepatitis’ was defined as high HBV DNA levels (≥ 2,000 IU/mL) and normal to mildly elevated ALT levels <2 X upper limit of normal for at least 6 months (n=1212). Normal ALT was defined by AALSD criteria (females, <19 IU/mL; males, <30 IU/mL). The clinical outcomes of the untreated Pre-active hepatitis patients were compared with those of HBeAg-negative hepatitis patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs. Results: Pre-active hepatitis group was significantly lower HBV DNA levels (median 4.6 versus 6.5 log10 IU/mL, P<0.001), lower ALT levels (median 29 versus 125 IU/mL, P<0.001), and higher proportion of males (63.4% versus 58.8%, P=0.01) than HBeAg-negative hepatitis group. Both groups had a similar age (mean 47 versus 47). During median followed-up of 7.4 years, 163 (9.4%) developed HCC, 84 (4.8%) died, and 16 (0.9%) received transplantation. Among By univariate analyses, the risks of of HCC (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.08-2.34; P=0.02) and death/ transplantation (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.29-4.23; P=0.01) compared with HBeAg-negative hepatitis group. Conclusions: Untreated HBeAg-negative CHB patients with high viral load and normal ALT (Pre-active hepatitis) had significantly higher risks of HCC and death/transplantation than treated HBeAg-negative hepatitis patients. Unnecessary deaths could be prevented through earlier antiviral intervention in the pre-active hepatitis patients.

All Cause of Mortality and Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Among Chronic Hepatitis C Patients in South Korea: A Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study

( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Eun Sun Jang ),( Young Seok Kim ),( Youn Jae Lee ),( In Hee Kim ),( Sung Bum Cho ),( Han Chu Lee ),( Jang Jeong Won ),( Moran Ki ),( Hwa Young Choi ),( Dahye Baik ),( Sook-hyang 대한간학회 2020 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2020 No.1

Aims: This study aimed to elucidate the all-cause mortality and the incidence hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and their related factors among the patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in South Korea. Methods: A total 2,369 patients with HCV RNA positivity and no HCC at diagnosis (mean age 57.5 years, 47.6% male, 29.8% cirrhosis) were prospectively enrolled in 6 university hospitals from May 2007 to March 2019 and followed until February 2020. The patients were classified into untreated group (n=753, 31.8%), interferon (IFN)-based treated group (n=698, 29.5%), and direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-treated group (n=918, 38.8%). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed. Results: During 4.3 years (IQR 2.5-7.6) of median follow-up, 245 patients died and 147 developed HCC. The 3-, 5-, and 10-year cumulative mortality in the HCV patients was 4.6%, 8.0%, and 12.8%, respectively. The 3-, 5-, and 10-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 4.5%, 8.5%, and 18.3%, respectively. The SVR rate was 68.7% in IFN-based treated group and 95.2% in DAA-treated group, by per-protocol analysis. After multivariate analysis, achievement of SVR was an independent factor for decreased risk of HCC (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.39, P<0.001 for IFN based-treated group and aHR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17-0.50, P<0.001 for DAA-treated group, respectively). SVR was an independent factor for decreased risk of all cause of mortality (aHR 0.27, 95% CI 0.17-0.44, P<0.001 for IFN based-treated group and aHR 0.23, 95% CI 0.12-0.45, P<0.001 for DAA-treated group, respectively) along with other factors. Conclusions: In Korea HCV cohort, 5-year cumulative incidence of HCC and mortality was 8.0% and 8.5%, respectively. The overall treatment rate was 70% with overall SVR rate of 86%. Achievement of SVR was a strong factor for better outcomes, which support active screening and treatment of HCV infection.

Adequacy of Current Strategy for Surveillance of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients on Entecavir Treatment

( Gwang Hyeon Choi ),( Ju Hyun Shim ),( Seheon Chang ),( Ji Hyun An ),( Danbi Lee ),( Kang Mo Kim ),( Young-suk Lim ),( Han Chu Lee ),( Young-hwa Chung ),( Yung Sang Lee ) 대한간학회 2017 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2017 No.1

Aims: Global practice guidelines have recommended hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients older than 40 years mostly using liver ultrasound every 6 months. It is well proven that a sustained reduction of hepatitis B viral load by antiviral agents is helpful in lowering the risk of HCC. The aim of this study is to examine the annual incidences of HCC in different status of CHB, and to evaluate whether current surveillance policy is a reasonable approach in patients under antiviral treatment. Methods: This study in an endemic area retrospectively included 1,955 CHB patients aged ≥40 years who started entecavir treatment between 2007 and 2012 and continued therapy for at least 6 months (mean age, 50.3±10.7 years; 1,220 males; 932 with cirrhosis; 452 with HBeAg; and 623 with Child-Pugh class A). No patients had previous history of HCC and decompensated liver function. We measured incidence rates of HCC according to the presence of HBeAg or cirrhosis, and statistically investigated host and viral factors related to HCC occurrence. Results: A total of 237 HCC cases were identified during a median follow-up of 4.6 years (9,174 person-years). Initial HCCs were detected usually at early stages (BCLC 0 or A in 199 patients [84%]) The overall HCC incidence rate was 2.58 per 100 person-years of observation. The annual risk of developing HCC was higher in sets with male gender (3.29% vs. 1.45%); older age (1.38% for <50 years, 3.44% for 50-60 years, and 4.16% for ≥60 years); positive HBeAg (4.70% vs. 2.51%); and cirrhosis (5.13% vs. 0.50%). The cumulative incidence of HCC at 3 and 5 years was 6.45% and 9.92%, respectively for the entire patients; 7.87% vs 4.03 and 12.21% vs. 6.04%, respectively for men and women (Ps<0.05); 7.17% vs. 5.86% (P=0.24) and 9.90% vs. 9.94% (P=0.97), respectively for HBeAg-positive and negative patients; and 12.45% vs. 0.98% and 18.88% vs. 1.76%, respectively for patients with and without cirrhosis (Ps<0.05). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that male gender, older age, HBeAg positivity, high ALT and cirrhosis were significant predictors of HCC development (hazard ratios 2.82, 1.07, 1.45, 0.89, and 6.41, respectively; Ps<0.05), as was neither pretreatment viral load (0.96) nor undetectable HBV NDA (<200 IU/mL) at 12 month (0.89). Conclusions: The annual incidence rates for HCC were not unfortunately low in CHB patients in spite of viral suppression with the potent drug, and met the above cost-effective criteria for HCC screening (0.2-1.5% per year). Based on our findings, HCC should be regularly surveilled in patients with CHB, regardless of use of antivirals or presence of cirrhosis.

A Survey of the Knowledge of and Testing Rate for Hepatitis C in the General Population in South Korea

Choi Gwang Hyeon,Jang Eun Sun,Kim Jin-Wook,Jeong Sook-Hyang 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2020 Gut and Liver Vol.14 No.6

Background/Aims: To eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, improving public knowledge of and access to HCV screening and treatment is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of and testing rate for HCV and the opinions about the inclusion of the HCV test in the National Health Examination (NHE) among the general population in South Korea. Methods: A telephone interview survey was conducted by an independent research company using a 16 item-questionnaire (demographics, knowledge of HCV, testing and results, need for screening) in May 2019. The sample population consisted of 1,003 adult Korean residents adjusted by age, sex, and area according to the standard Korean population in 2019. Results: Among the 1,003 participants (505 women, mean age of 47.9 years), 56.4% recognized HCV; 44.4% understood that HCV is transmittable, and 56.8% thought that HCV is curable by medication. The recognition rate tended to increase with an increasing level of education. Testing for anti-HCV antibodies was reported by 91 people (9.1%); among them, 10 people (11.0%) reported a positive result, and eight people received treatment. The common reasons for HCV testing were a health check-up (58.5%), a physician’s recommendation (11.0%) and elevated liver enzyme levels (10.7%). The majority of the population (75.1%) agreed with the integration of HCV into the NHE. Conclusions: The level of knowledge of HCV is suboptimal, and the self-reported testing rate for HCV is less than 10%; however, once HCV infection is diagnosed, the treatment rate seems to be high in South Korea. More active campaigns and effective screening are needed.