Compensation, Perceived Equity, and Performance

Yit Chin Teo(장옥진),Jeong Eon Lee(이정언) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.9

본 연구는 직무만족, 이직의도 및 보상시스템에 관련된 선행연구를 포괄적으로 고찰하여 향후 연구를 위한 이론적 시사점의 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해, 보상시스템과 성과와의 관계를 분석한 선행연구를 체계적으로 논의하였다. 선행연구의 분석결과, 기업이 구성원에게 제공하는 내적·외적 보상은 직무만족과 긍정적인 관계, 이직의도와는 부정적인 관계가 있음이 확인되었다. 구성원이 지각하는 보상의 공정성은 직무만족에 긍정적, 이직의도에는 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 제시되었다. 특히 보상의 공정성은 기업의 보상시스템과 성과와의 관계에서 매개적인 역할을 한다는 사실이 다수의 선행연구를 통해서 파악되었다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구의 리뷰를 바탕으로 보상시스템과 성과와의 관계에 관련된 명제를 제시하였으며, 후속연구를 위해 이론적 차원에서 관련 연구 영역의 방향성을 제시하였다. The main purpose of this study is the comprehensive review of the compensation system that affects the employee’s job satisfaction and turnover intention. This study is mainly designed to review previous studies of the impact of compensation system, and suggest meaningful implications in relation to firm’s performance. It is clarified that compensation is positively related to firm’s performance, and the perceived equity mediates the relationship between compensation and performance. It is suggested that an empirical research should be done based on the formulated propositions of this research.

The Relationship between Compensation and Job Satisfaction

Yit Chin Teo(장옥진),Jeong Eon Lee(이정언) 한국콘텐츠학회 2017 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.17 No.6

본 연구는 기업 조직구성원에 대한 보상이 내적공정성과 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 보상의 요인은 내적 보상과 외적 보상의 두 하위차원으로, 내적 공정성은 분배공정성과 상호작용 공정성으로 구분하였다. 이와 더불어 기업 구성원에 대한 보상이 상사의 지원에 따라 지각된 내적 공정성이 달라질 수 있는지 그 조절 효과를 분석하였다. 실증연구는 다양한 기업의 157명으로부터 획득된 자료를 활용하여 이루어졌다. 실증자료의 분석 결과, 외적 및 내적 보상은 직무만족, 지각된 내적 공정성, 상사의 지원에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 보상과 직무만족의 관계는 구성원의 심리적 영역인 내적 공정성의 지각을 통해 영향관계가 형성되고 있음이 나타났다. 한편 구성원에 대한 보상과 지각된 내적 공정성의 관계에서 상사의 지원은 조절역할을 하지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구에서는 보상관리의 중요성에 대한 인식을 바탕으로 보상의 공정성에 주목하여 개인간 상대적인 보상 차이에 대한 합리적인 논리와 메커니즘을 제공하여야 한다는 관리적 · 실천적 시사점을 제공하였다. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of compensation on job satisfaction. The study is designed to determine whether perceived internal equity acts as a mediation role in affecting the relationship between compensation and job satisfaction. This study also aims to explore the role of supervisor support in affecting employees’ perception of equity toward the compensation. A total of 157 samples was obtained for the data analysis as a quantitative approach. The results of the data analyses revealed that both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are positively correlated with job satisfaction. The results also showed that perceived internal equity acts as a mediating role in predicting variables of compensation and job satisfaction. The supervisor support does not moderate the relationship between compensation and perceived internal equity. It is suggested that management’s efforts must be made in compensation management in order to increase employees’ job satisfaction and to improve employees’ perception of equity.

Development of multi-dimensional body image scale for malaysian female adolescents

Yit Siew Chin,Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib,Zalilah Mohd Shariff,Geok Lin Khor 한국영양학회 2008 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.2 No.2

The present study was conducted to develop a Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale for Malaysian female adolescents. Data were collected among 328 female adolescents from a secondary school in Kuantan district, state of Pahang, Malaysia by using a self-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The self-administered questionnaire comprised multiple measures of body image, Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26; Gamer & Garfinkel, 1979) and Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory (Rosenberg, 1965). The 152 items from selected multiple measures of body image were examined through factor analysis and for internal consistency. Correlations between Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale and body mass index (BMI), risk of eating disorders and self-esteem were assessed for construct validity. A seven factor model of a 62-item Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale for Malaysian female adolescents with construct validity and good internal consistency was developed. The scale encompasses 1) preoccupation with thinness and dieting behavior, 2) appearance and body satisfaction, 3) body importance, 4) muscle increasing behavior, 5) extreme dieting behavior, 6) appearance importance, and 7) perception of size and shape dimensions. Besides, a multidimensional body image composite score was proposed to screen negative body image risk in female adolescents. The result found body image was correlated with BMI, risk of eating disorders and self-esteem in female adolescents. In short, the present study supports a multi-dimensional concept for body image and provides a new insight into its multi-dimensionality in Malaysian female adolescents with preliminary validity and reliability of the scale. The Multi-dimensional Body Image Scale can be used to identifY female adolescents who are potentially at risk of developing body image disturbance through future intervention programs.

從佛教禪修反思大腦科學之研究

越建東(Yit Kin-Tung) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2015 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.71

이 논문은 전통 선(禪) 수행의 관점에서 뇌과학의 선 수행 경험 연구를 비판적으로 성찰하려는 시도이다. 주요 문제의식은 뇌 과학이 얻은 연구 결과가 불교 자체에 긍정적 영감을 줄 수 있는지 여부를 비판적으로 성찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 현재 가장 대표적인 연구인 리차드 데이비슨(Richard Davidson) 연구팀이 진행한 실험 결과를 회고하였다. 그의 연구팀은 뇌신경 과학을 통해 장기간의 선 수행자의 선 수행이 신체와 뇌에 미치는 영향을 검사하였는데 그 연구 대상에는 8명의 오랜 경력의 선 수행자가 포함되어 있었으며 세 가지 상이한 선 수행을 통해 검사를 진행하였다. 두 종류, 즉 뇌파 반응실험 데이터(EEG)와 뇌부 이미징 실험 데이터(fMRI)를 통해 얻은 실험 결과는 신경 가소성에 집중하여 주관 경험의 신경 상관성, 선 수행과 신경 전기, 신경 이미징의 상관성의 세 측면을 실증한 것이다. 이를 통해 얻은 중요한 결론은 장기간의 선 수행자의 뇌신경의 활성화 정도가 일반인보다 높으며 수행 시간에 정비례하며, 마음의 훈련을 통해 정서와 정서 전이 과정을 변화시킬 수 있으며, 쾌락 정서의 기저선 역시 변화시킬 수 있다는 점을 포함하고 있으며, 보다 중요한 결론은 마음의 훈련이 뇌 가소성의 변화, 특히 전두엽 신경 활성화 중의 좌뇌 비대칭치의 변화를 가져올 수 있다는 점이다. 다음으로 이 논문은 신경과학 연구의 방법론적 운용 전략과 그들이 주목하는 특정 방향의 연구 성과가 어떠한지를 검토해 보았다. 그 중 신경과학의 전략은 선 수행을 과학에 의거하여 연구 대상으로 삼을 수 있도록 조정하며, 따라서 인지, 정서, 생리 세 측면의 특질과 사건을 매우 중시하며 아울러 신경 생리의 여정을 근거로 삼는 것이다. 다시 말해, 과학자들은 마음이나 선 수행 경험 중의 대뇌 기질에 가장 큰 관심을 가지고 있다. 이러한 전략은 선수행 경험을 신경 회로 반응으로 직접 환원하며 동시에 수많은 마음의 기타 본질을 간과하고 의도적으로 환원하는 것이며, 그 결과 선 수행에 의해 개발되는 마음의 힘과 관련된 중요한 정보, 특히 전통 불교에서 관심을 가지고 있었던 초월적 경험, 예컨대 해탈(解脫), 번뇌의 조복(調伏), 미혹의 제거하는 지혜(智慧) 등을 누락시켜 버렸다. 이 점을 명시하기 위해 이 논문은 전통 선 수행에서 서술하는 수행도의 구조 · 방법 · 경험을 상세히 열거하고 아울러 이것을 뇌과학의 방법과 대조함으로써 후자의 선 수행 이해는 불교 자체와 큰 차이가 있음을 지적하였다. 예컨대 선 수행 경험은 실은 계행(戒行) 등의 기초공부에 기초해 있으며 이 공부는 도덕적 선행을 닦고 실천하는 것인데 뇌과학이 도대체 어떻게 해야 ‘선념(善念)’을 연구할 수 있단 말인가? 또 선정의 경지는 의식이 이미 일상적 감관 경험으로부터 보다 높은 경지로 고양되어 있으며 청정하며 특수한 기쁨을 향유하는 상태이며 그 결과 천안(天眼), 타심(他心) 등의 초상식적 능력을 불러일으키게 된다. 이상의 신경 생리 여정의 표준은 현재 과학의 방식으로는 거의 설명 불가능하다. 그밖에 불교는 마음을 중시하여 그것을 선 수행의 주체로 인식하고 있으며 그 점에서 뇌위주의 과학의 관점과는 판이하다. 불교는 선 수행의 결과와 관련하여 생리는 주원인이 아니며 마음이야말로 진정한 주도자라고 본다. 불교의 전통은 선 수행 중 마음의 여정에 대한 수많은 해석과 그것과 관련된 운영 방법을 구비하고 있다. 선 수행의 궁극 목표는 지혜를 얻어 해탈에 도달하는 것이며 이 점에서 뇌과학의 연구하고자 하는 것과 판이하다. 따라서 이 논문의 결론은 과학의 선 수행 이해는 전통 불교에서 말하고자 하는 것과는 매우 큰 차이가 존재한다는 것이다. This thesis attempts to examine critically brain science research on Zen training experience from a traditional Zen (禪) training perspective. The main issue is to reflect critically whether the research results of brain science can positively inspire Buddhism itself. To this end, this thesis reviewed the findings of Richard Davidson’s team, the most well-known research results at present. Using brain science, his team examined the effects of long-term Zen training on the body and the brain; eight research participants had a long history of Zen training. His team performed the tests by using three different types of Zen training. The results from two types of test (i.e. EEG and fMRI) focused on neural plasticity and verified aspects of the subjective experience in three areas: the relationship between Zen training and nerve, neuro-electricity, and nerve imaging. The significant findings from this study are as follows: people who have practiced Zen training for a long period of time have more active brain nerves (in direct proportion to the amount of time spent in Zen training) than do average people. Training of the mind can affect emotion as well as displacement, including the baseline emotion of pleasure. A more important finding is that training of the mind can bring about changes in neuroplasticity, particularly the asymmetry of the left brain in the neural activation of the frontal lobe. Next, this thesis examined the methodological strategy of utilizing brain science and the particular research outcome of their focus. One of the strategies of brain science is to manipulate Zen training scientifically as a research target; therefore, it highly values the properties and the events of cognition, emotion, and physiology, and, at the same time, it is based on the physiological journey of the nerves. In other words, scientists are greatly interested in the effects of mind training or Zen training experience on the cerebrum. Such a strategy intentionally converts Zen training experiences directly into neural circuit reactions, neglecting other mind essences; as a result, it leaves out important information related to the power of the mind, in particular, supernatural experiences in which traditional Buddhism is interested, such as nirvana (解脫), defeating the agony (調伏), and wisdom (智慧) that expels doubts. To clearly address this issue, this thesis described the structure, method, and experience of Zen training from the traditional Zen training perspective in detail, and compared it with the method of brain science; in so doing, this paper pointed out that there is a huge disparity between the latter’s understanding of Zen and that of Buddhism. For example, experience of Zen training is based on the fundamental study of penance (戒行), which is a training in and practice of morality; how can brain science study the ‘idea of goodness (善念)’? The highest stage of ‘goodness’ is a status of enjoying pure and special bliss and being already elevated to a higher stage than daily sensory experience; as a result, it leads to abilities beyond the ordinary such as ‘opening of spiritual eyes (天眼)’ and ‘becoming other-oriented (他心).’ The standard for the aforementioned physiological journey of the nerves is unlikely to be explained based on the scientific method. Furthermore, because Buddhism values the mind and recognizes the mind as the main agent of Zen training, it differs from brain-oriented science. In Buddhism, physiology is not the main cause of the result of Zen training; instead, the mind is the actual agent. The traditions of Buddhism have numerous interpretations and many related strategies about the journey of the mind in Zen training. The ultimate goal of Zen training is to gain wisdom and arrive at nirvana, which is completely different from what brain science intends to study. In conclusion, the understanding of Zen training from a scientific perspective greatly differs from what traditional Buddhism intends

Improvement of tip analysis model for drilled shafts in cohesionless soils

Chen, Yit-Jin,Wu, Hao-Wei,Marcos, Maria Cecilia M.,Lin, Shiu-Shin Techno-Press 2013 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.5 No.5

An analysis model for predicting the tip bearing capacity of drilled shafts in cohesionless soils is improved in this study. The evaluation is based on large amounts of drilled shaft load test data. Assessment on the analysis model reveals a greater variation in two coefficients, namely, the overburden bearing capacity factor ($N_q$) and the bearing capacity modifier for soil rigidity (${\zeta}_{qr}$). These factors are modified from the back analysis of drilled shaft load test results. Different effective shaft depths and interpreted capacities at various loading stages (i.e., low, middle, and high) are adopted for the back calculation. Results show that the modified bearing capacity coefficients maintain their basic relationship with soil effective friction angle ($\bar{\phi}$), in which the $N_q$ increases and ${\zeta}_{qr}$ decreases as $\bar{\phi}$ increases. The suggested effective shaft depth is limited to 15B (B = shaft diameter) for the evaluation of effective overburden pressure. Specific design recommendations for the tip bearing capacity analysis of drilled shafts in cohesionless soils are given for engineering practice.

Development and Characterization of Polyethylenimine Nanocarriers Processed by an Inductive Thermospraying Technique

Poh Yit Foo,Hui Shan Cheok,Thiago Coutinho Cavalcanti,Grace Lim Yik Shi,곽은아,Justyn Jaworski 한국고분자학회 2016 Macromolecular Research Vol.24 No.6

Using a high temperature vaporizing spray approach to nanoparticle fabrication, we reveal a straightforward process for the formation of polyethyleneimine (PEI) scaffold based hydrogel nanoparticles. With PEI as the polymeric skeleton, we demonstrate the possibility for capture and release of small molecule, protein, nucleic acid, or colloidal cargo. Here, we provide evidence for use of the PEI nanoparticles as versatile nanocarriers. Moreover, we provide characterization of the nanoparticles produced by our inductive heat spraying approach along with determination of the loading capacity for the various cargos. We also observed the release profiles for a traceable small molecule in our proof of concept work. While linear chains or dendrimers of PEI are well-known to be cytotoxic, we revealed that our larger scale nanoparticles (which are in the range of 400-500 nm) have no noticeable cytotoxicity in vitro. With this initial work, we expect the intrinsic capabilities of the PEI nanoparticle scaffold demonstrated here in terms of molecular capture may possibly be utilized for effective nanocarriers upon future tuning of the nanoparticle size as to avoid any rapid clearance.

Development of an integrated Web-based system with a pile load test database and pre-analyzed data

Chen, Yit-Jin,Liao, Ming-Ru,Lin, Shiu-Shin,Huang, Jen-Kai,Marcos, Maria Cecilia M. Techno-Press 2014 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.7 No.1

A Web-based pile load test (WBPLT) system was developed and implemented in this study. Object-oriented and concept-based software design techniques were adopted to integrate the pile load test database into the system. A total of 673 case histories of pile load test were included in the database. The data consisted of drilled shaft and driven precast concrete pile axial load tests in drained, undrained, and gravel loading conditions as well as pre-analyzed data and back-calculated design parameters. Unified modeling language, a standard software design tool, was utilized to design the WBPLT system architecture with five major concept-based components. These components provide the static structure and dynamic behavior of system message flows in a visualized manner. The open-source Apache Web server is the building block of the WBPLT system, and PHP Web programming language implements the operation of the WBPLT components, particularly the automatic translation of user query into structured query language. A simple search and inexpensive query can be implemented through the Internet browser. The pile load test database is helpful, and data can be easily retrieved and utilized worldwide for research and advanced applications.

Scytalidium parasiticum sp. nov., a New Species Parasitizing on Ganoderma boninense Isolated from Oil Palm in Peninsular Malaysia

Goh, Yit Kheng,Goh, Teik Khiang,Marzuki, Nurul Fadhilah,Tung, Hun Jiat,Goh, You Keng,Goh, Kah Joo The Korean Society of Mycology 2015 Mycobiology Vol.43 No.2

A mycoparasite, Scytalidium parasiticum sp. nov., isolated from the basidiomata of Ganoderma boninense causing basal stem rot of oil palm in Johor, Malaysia, is described and illustrated. It is distinct from other Scytalidium species in having smaller asci and ascospores (teleomorphic stage), longer arthroconidia (anamorphic stage), hyaline to yellowish chlamydospores, and producing a fluorescent pigment. The phylogenetic position of S. parasiticum was determined by sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacers and the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene regions. A key to identify Scytalidium species with teleomorphic stage is provided.

Reframing Loss: Chinese Diaspora Identity in K. H. Lim’s Written in Black

( Hannah Ming Yit Ho ) 부산외국어대학교 아세안연구원 2023 Suvannabhumi Vol.15 No.2

In analyzing the Chinese diaspora, this paper explores losses that are encountered within the family in the nation. It argues that increased social and spatial mobilities that contribute to losses can be reconfigured through the productive lens of supermobility, as Laurence J. C. Ma conceptualizes it. Supermobile identities are significant avenues to consider the way that losses traditionally associated with migration and assimilation are revisited in view of new flows of migration and identification. In examining K. H. Lim’s debut novel Written in Black (2014), this study addresses pathways from debilitating losses to productive losses journeyed by the family from the child’s perspective. It offers a critical analysis of the Anglophone Bruneian novel in terms of its exclusive portrayal of an ethnic Chinese family. Departing from a fixed notion of home as cultural and physical rootedness, it explores flexible identities that are tied to shifting concepts of belonging. Rather than a magnification of social and spatial losses, the analysis highlights the way that the literary imagination of ethnic Chinese in Brunei Darussalam accommodates progressive ideas of the agency and advancement of the Chinese diaspora as a supermobile community.

Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes

Vladimir Vujanovic,Yit Kheng Goh,Prasad Daida 한국미생물학회 2012 The journal of microbiology Vol.50 No.1

Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON)mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.