한국 초등회화 교육에 있어서 서양화기법 위주의 모방주의에 대한 역사적 배경

이월수 서울敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 1997 한국초등교육 Vol.9 No.1

The art education in Korea has started first in the year of 1895. and it has undergone a remarkable modernization under many aspect changes and growth. Korean present art education lies apparently in the line of emphasizing "eativity"ut it is easily found that the art education centered in technique minded imitationism of promodern european art is taking place everywhere. Why? The object of the this papers is to pursue the historical background resulted in the imitationism in Korea primary school art education. The conclusion of the study is as follows; 1. The indirect background In the process of receiving and developing european painting technique in Korea, the formal technique like style of european painting has been intensively accepted without deep understanding of internal aspect like sprit of european painting. As a result, the european painting has been recognized generally as a simple technical practice that copies nature as it is. In the course of receiving of european painting technique in Korea, gypsdrawing and aquarell still life drawing has also introduced into Korea, that were subjects in pre-modern academy art education in Europe, and with the adoption of gypsdrawing and aquarelle still life drawing as main subjects of entrance examination for art school in Korea, imitationism-minded and technique centered art education has been spreaded art all over the primary school art education that comes under direct influence of art polycy in Korea. 2. The direct background The art education during japanese colonial period, that had begun 15 years after the start of Korean art education in elementary school, has been consisted of imitation-minded education which emphasized copy works of european technique paintings and the nature as it is. That trend of art education had continued for 36years, and has formed the direct background of the present imitation-minded school art education in Korea.

Interleukin-1β에 의하여 치주인대세포에서 유리된 cytokine이 파골세포형성에 미치는 영향

이종갑,곽월아,유윤정,이승일,김태선 大韓小兒齒科學會 1996 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

Tooth movement is induced by bone remodeling during orthodontic treatment. Bone remodeling is regulated by various cytokines. Especially interleukin-1 (IL-1β), a cytokine present in periodontal ligaments of experimentally moved teeth, elicits bone resorption. In these processes, IL-1-induced bone resorption is mediated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating fector (GM-CSF) secreted from osteoblasts. Periodontal ligament cells, which function as an anchorage for tooth, lie between alveolar bone and cementum. Therefore cytokines produced in the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells may also directly affect alveolar bone resorption in orthodontic tooth movement. Here I have examined whether PDL cells express IL-1β,interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA and secrete those cytokines in response to IL-1β. Finally I have investigated whether IL-6 produced from PDL cells induces osteoclast formation in mouse bone marrow cell cultures. The expression of mRNA was estimated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The concentration of cytokines was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent method and the osteoclasts in bone marrow cultures were identified by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain. As results of these studies, IL-1βstimulated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and GM-CSF mRNA in PDL cells. 0.05 ng/ml IL-1βalso induced maximum production of Il-6 and GM-CSF in these cells. After an addition of IL-1β(0.05 ng/ml), IL-6 production increased from 2 hours to 8 hours and GM-CSF production also increased from 4 hours to 8 hours. IL-6 (100 ng/ml) increased the number of TRAP positive multinucleated cells in the presence of soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R, 100 ng/ml). These results suggest that IL-1βmay stimulate alveolar bone resorption by inducing IL-6 and GM-CSF production in PDL cells which enhance osteoclast differentiation and IL-6 enhances osteoclast formation in the presence of sIL-6R. And this process by IL-1βmay be closely associated with alveolar bone resorption induced by orthodontic force.

연쇄상구균의 약제내성과 전이성 R-plasmid의 특성

김종훈,임대환,이창훈,이수정,이월라,황미혜,김은희 한국어병학회 2003 한국어병학회지 Vol.16 No.1

본 연구는 넙치 병어에서 분리된 연쇄상구균들의 항균제 내성 경향을 파악하고, 약제내성의 전이에 관여하는 R plasmid를 검출하여, 분리 균들 내에서 이들 plasmid의 분포를 알아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 넙치 병어에서 분리된 연쇄상구균 40 균주의 대부분은 ampicillin, doxycycilne (DOXY), erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, norfloxacin, osolinic acid, oxytetracycline (OTC)의 2~5약제에 동시내성을 나타내었다. 이들 내성균으로부터 내성 전이에 관여하는 R plasmid (pST9)가 검출되었으며, OTC와 DOXY내성이 R plasmid에 의하여 수용균인 Streptococcus sp.로 전이가 이루어졌다. 전이성 R plasmid의 분포를 알아보기 위하여 colony 혼성화 반응을 실시한 결과, 40 분리 균주 중 6 균주에 동일한 DNA 구조의 R plasmid가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 이들과 DNA 구조가 다른 R plasmid도 넙치병어에서 분리되는 연쇄상구균의 약제내성에 관여하고 있음을 시사하였다. MICs of 8 chemotherapeutic agents against forty streptococcal isolates were determined. These strains were isolated from diseased olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and showed 2~5 multiple drug resistance against different antibacterial agents including ampicillin, doxycycline (DOXY), erythromycin, florfenicol, flumequine, norfloxacin, oxolinic acid, and oxytetracycilne (OTC). In conjugation experiment, we found transferable R plasmids carrying OTC and DOXY resistance determinant in 3 drug resistance strains analyzed. Six out of 40 isolates showed positive signal in colony hybridization with the R plasmid DNA (pST9) as a probe. It suggests that other types R plasmid different from pST9 is also involving in multiple drug resistance of streptococci isolated from olive flounder.

Perturbation of Pulmonary Immune Functions by Carbon Nanotubes and Susceptibility to Microbial Infection

Brent E. Walling,Gee W. Lau 한국미생물학회 2014 The journal of microbiology Vol.52 No.3

Occupational and environmental pulmonary exposure tocarbon nanotubes (CNT) is considered to be a health riskwith a very low threshold of tolerance as determined by theUnited States Center for Disease Control. Immortalized airwayepithelial cells exposed to CNTs show a diverse range ofeffects including reduced viability, impaired proliferation,and elevated reactive oxygen species generation. Additionally,CNTs inhibit internalization of targets in multiple macrophagecell lines. Mice and rats exposed to CNTs often developpulmonary granulomas and fibrosis. Furthermore, CNTshave immunomodulatory properties in these animal models. CNTs themselves are proinflammatory and can exacerbatethe allergic response. However, CNTs may also be immunosuppressive,both locally and systemically. Studies that examinedthe relationship of CNT exposure prior to pulmonaryinfection have reached different conclusions. In somecases, pre-exposure either had no effect or enhanced clearanceof infections while other studies showed CNTs inhibitedclearance. Interestingly, most studies exploring this relationshipuse pathogens which are not considered primarypulmonary pathogens. Moreover, harmony across studies isdifficult as different types of CNTs have dissimilar biologicaleffects. We used Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model pathogento study how helical multi-walled carbon nanotubes (HCNTs)affected internalization and clearance of the pulmonary pathogen. The results showed that, although HCNTs can inhibitinternalization through multiple processes, bacterial clearancewas not altered, which was attributed to an enhancedinflammatory response caused by pre-exposure to HCNTs. We compare and contrast our findings in relation to otherstudies to gauge the modulation of pulmonary immune responseby CNTs.

The Non-Equivalence of Specific and ad Valorem Tariffs with Quality-Differentiated Goods

Wall, Howard J. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1994 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.9 No.1

This paper is an extension of the literature inaugurated by Falvey that examinse the effects of tariffs when the affected goods are quality-differentiated. I demonstrate that an ad valorem tariff may actually increase the sales and market shares of some imported qualities, and that the protection offered to the domestic industry may not be spread among all domestically produced qualities. A specific tariff also does not distribute the burden and benefits to all firms in the market. Only those qualities that are closest substitutes for imports will be affected. For either type of tariff, the total sales in the market contract only if the lowest quality is imported.

Characterisation and Durability of a Vitrified Wasteform for Simulated Chrompik III Waste

Walling, Sam A.,Gardner, Laura J.,Pang, H.K. Celine,Mann, Colleen,Corkhill, Claire L.,Mikusova, Alexandra,Lichvar, Peter,Hyatt, Neil C. Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2021 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.19 No.3

Legacy waste from the decommissioned A-1 nuclear power plant in the Slovak Republic is scheduled for immobilisation within a tailored alkali borosilicate glass formulation, as part of ongoing site cleanup. The aqueous durability and characterisation of a simulant glass wasteform for Chrompik III legacy waste, was investigated, including dissolution experiments up to 112 days (90℃, ASTM Type 1 water). The wasteform was an amorphous, light green glassy product, with no observed phase separation or crystalline inclusions. Aqueous leach testing revealed a suitably durable product over the timescale investigated, comparing positively to other simulant nuclear waste glasses and vitreous products tested under similar conditions. Iron and titanium rich precipitates were observed to form at the surface of monolithic samples during leaching, with the formation of an alkali deficient alteration layer behind these at later ages. Overall this glass appears to perform well, and in line with expectations for this chemistry, although longer-term testing would be required to predict overall durability. This work will contribute to developing confidence in the disposability of vitrified Chrompik legacy wastes.

Recurrent Aphthae : Management Tips for the GP

Wall,Justin G. Medical Publications Korea 1994 Medical Progress Vol.16 No.2

EFFICIENT QUALITY SPECIALIZATION AND TARIFFS IN GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM

WALL, HOWARD J. 한국국제경제학회 1990 International Economic Journal Vol.4 No.4

This paper examines the effect of a tariff which is uniformly applied to a set of quality-differentiated goods. A Ricardian model of two countries in general equilibrium is developed to describe the pattern of specialization in quality ranges. The free trade ease is contrasted with the case where an import tariff is levied uniformly on all qualities. It is shown that such a tariff can expand or contract a country's range of specialization in the quality-differentiated good while unambiguously contracting its range of specialization in non-differentiated goods.

Noncanonical role of singleminded-2s in mitochondrial respiratory chain formation in breast cancer

Wall Steven W.,Sanchez Lilia,Tuttle Kelly Scribner,Pearson Scott J.,Soma Shivatheja,Wyatt Garhett L.,Carter Hannah N.,Jenschke Ramsey M.,Tan Lin,Martinez Sara A.,Lorenzi Philip L.,Gohil Vishal M.,Rijn 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

Dysregulation of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of breast cancer progression and is associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Here, we show that the breast tumor suppressor gene SIM2 promotes mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using breast cancer cell line models. Mechanistically, we found that SIM2s functions not as a transcription factor but localizes to mitochondria and directly interacts with the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) to facilitate functional supercomplex (SC) formation. Loss of SIM2s expression disrupts SC formation through destabilization of MRC Complex III, leading to inhibition of electron transport, although Complex I (CI) activity is retained. A metabolomic analysis showed that knockout of SIM2s leads to a compensatory increase in ATP production through glycolysis and accelerated glutamine-driven TCA cycle production of NADH, creating a favorable environment for high cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that SIM2s is a novel stabilizing factor required for SC assembly, providing insight into the impact of the MRC on metabolic adaptation and breast cancer progression.

근대 개인주의(近代個人主義)에 대한 맹자사상(孟子思想)의 의미(意味)

( Barbara Wall ) 한국유교학회 2008 유교사상문화연구 Vol.31 No.-