한국 전통문화문법을 어떻게 이해할 것인가?

강신표(Kang Shin Pyo) 한국문화사회학회 2007 문화와 사회 Vol.3 No.-

이 글은 우실하의 「강신표 교수의 ‘대대문화문법’에 대한 비판적 검토」(『문화와 사회』 통권2권, pp. 7~28)를 재반론하는 것이다. 2005년도 한국사회학회 전기대회, 동양사회사상 분과에서 발표한 강신표의 「‘대대문화문법’에 관한 이해와 곡해」에 대해 우실하가 반론으로 논의했던 내용을 글로 정리한 것이 위의 우실하의 글이다. 이 글은 당시에 강신표가 답변했던 내용을 다시 부연 설명한 내용으로 이루어져 있다. 첫째로 우실하가 조선조의 서명응이 사용한 대대 개념을 강신표가 사용하는 개념과 동일시하는 데 문제가 있음을 다시 지적하였다. 둘째로 우실하가 대대 개념을 “2수(數)”로 파악하고, 나아가 “3수(數)”로 한국 문화를 이해해야 한다고 주장하는 점을 비판하였다. 끝으로 강신표의 “대대문화문법”은 급수성, 집단성, 연극/의례성이라는 문화문법의 규칙성(rules)을 다루면서 확대 심화시고 있는데, 이에 대한 이해는 우실하에게서 찾아볼 수 없다. 그는 다만 2수, 3수, 5수라는 수량 개념에서 한중일의 전통문화의 ‘구성 요소’와 ‘구성 원리’가 차이가 난다고 하였다. 이 글은 이에 대한 재반론이다. This paper is my response to Woo's paper, “A Critical Review of Kang’s ‘Dae-dae Cultural Grammar’”. I had criticized Woo’s “Understanding and Misunderstanding of ‘Dae-dae Cultural Grammar’” at the Annual Spring Meeting of Korean Sociological Association, 2005. His paper is what was discussed at the meeting and also my paper is what I responded to his comments at that time. Main points of my criticism are three fold as follows; First, he had confused the concept, “Dae-dae”, used by me and Seo Myung-eung,(徐命膺), a scholar of late Chosen Dynasty. Seo’s usage of the concept is his unique interpretation which has nothing to do with my usage. I tried to show how differently the concept is utilized in its understanding by me and Seo. To my understanding, Seo’s interpretation of the concept is possible in terms of my “Dae-dae” cultural grammar. If he intended to criticize my “Dae-dae”, he should do it in terms of my usage. Secondly, he concentrated on “numerical” aspects such as “number 3” is “sacred number” by traditional Koreans. And he continued to emphasize “domination of number 3” over the numbers 2 and 5 in which 2 represent “Dae-dae of yin and yang” and 5 represent “five elements”(五行). Myth of “number 3” was already well discussed by Alan Dundes as an universal number. Thus we cannot accept “number 3” as “sacred number” uniquely used by traditional Koreans. Finally, he did totally disregard what I intended to understand “traditional cultural grammar of Korea” by “Dae-dae” which imply hierarchical, groupness and drama/ritual aspects. Here, I must put an additional note that my approach is only one of many possible approaches to understanding of Korean cultural traditions.

알카리성 부여제 도포에 의한 중성화된 콘크리트의 알카리성 회복성능에 관한 실험적 연구

김무한,권영진,강석표,유재강,이강우 충남대학교 산업기술연구소 2000 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.15 No.1

Concrete is the most commonly used material in construction field and it is the permanent construction material with respect to civil property. But, if concrete loses its alkalinity by CO2 gas, it loses its structural characteristics and results in total collapse in construction field. Therefore. it is needed to be studied the alkali-recovery performance by alkalization agent on carbonated concrete by accelerated carbonation test. In this paper, we investigate recovery performance by impregnating alkalization agent in carbonated concrete, then we evaluate alkali maintenance performance by pH survey in each kinds of finishing materials. The results of this paper can be summarized as follows. 1)Carbonated concrete under pH 10 was recovered its alkalinity to pH 11 at first stage by spreading alkalization agent on its outer surface. 2)After spreading alkalization agent, there is a difference due to types of moreover effect of anti-rust paint and ordinary cement paste were excellent.

興天寺 舍利殿과 石塔에 관한 연구 : 朝鮮初期 漢城의 塔婆 On Relic container-Wooden Edifice(舍利殿) and Stone Pagoda(舍利石塔) in Hungchoˇn-Sa(興天寺) temple

康炳喜 한국불교미술사학회 ( 구 한국미술사연구소 ) 2002 강좌미술사 Vol.19 No.-

Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple was one of the characteristic temples of Early Choso˘n Period in Seoul Province. This temple was established in the sixth year of king Taejo(1398 A.D.) in memory of his dead queen. Wooden Building as a Relic container and Stone Pagoda in Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple were completed in the first year of king Chungjong(1399 A.D.). they were made unusual from the traditional point of view. They are no longer existent but we can imagine their shape according to the literature(especially Sil-rok) on this subject and Buddhist fine arts. The former was supposed to be three-storied octagonal shape including the latter. The stone pagoda which was placed inside the building was so constructed as for those concerned to climb up and to open the door to see the sacred relics of Buddha. And those relics were sometimes moved to another place. As a conclusion, those facts implied very important meaning. Above a mentioned wooden edifice which was relic container octagonal multi-storied shape connected octagonal thirteen-storied Pohyo˘n-sa stone pagoda(普賢寺八角十三層石塔) built in the end of the Ko˘ryo˘ dynasty to multi-angled, multi-storied pagoda style of the early Choso˘n periond. In addition, other Buddhist fine arts spansored by king Taejo Lee Sung-gye- a relic container in 1390-1391 A.D. and monk pagoda of Muhag(無學) in 1397 A.D.- implied serious meaning. We are able to infer from those historical facts the style of Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple edifece and the stone pagoda in it. Relic container excavated at Mt. Ku˘mgang(金剛山) is twofold. Outer one was the shape of octagonal wooden edifice and inner one was a Lamsism style pagoda. Also monk pagoda of Muhag is similar to Tibetan pagoda or to relic container in later Ko˘ryo˘ dynasty. During the later period, Ko˘ryo˘ dynasty came to maintain a close relationship with Yu¨an(元) China. So Buddhist arts of that period have the influences of Nepalese and Tibetan style. This same tendency is commonly found in Buddhist pagoda, in monk pagoda and in relic container. We can be sure that they effected each other in their style and shape. It is concluded that the stone pagoda of Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple must be similar is those Nepalese and Tibetan style of monk pagoda of Muhag and relic container supported by king Taejo Lee Sung-gye. Monk pagoda of Muhag was another characteristic element. It was a surrounding balcony. The stone pagoda of Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple is supposed to have the same surrounding balcony for those concerned to go up and down the pagoda. An important example of Nepalese and Tibetan style pagoda in early Choso˘n period is a relic stone pagoda in the east end of Ho˘eam-sa(檜巖寺) temple site. We do not know exactly who sponsored, when it was made, and what was its use yet. Also that temple was deeply concerned with monk Muhag and king Taejo Lee Sung-gye. When we think of the engraving and another art elements we can conclude the age and character of Hu˘ngcho˘n-Sa temple stone pagoda. The shape of stone Buddhist pagoda of Bongin-Sa(奉印寺) temple in 1619 A.D. is similar to that of monk pagoda of Muhag. So we can presume that relic stone pagoda of Ho?eam-sa temple site is bukkhist pagoda constructed in king Sejo. During the choso˘n Dynasty, Buddhism was oppressed based on Neo-Confucian norm. Moreover at the beginning of the Choso˘n Dynasty Buddhism was subject to ruling power. A great number of temples were merged. However, in reality Buddhism was not be completely suppressed. Afterwards the new mode of End-Ko˘ryo˘ and Early Choso˘n Buddhist pagoda has been succeeded and spread by Buddhist line linked with monk Naong(懶翁), monk Muhag(無學), and monk Hamho˘(涵虛).

中共과 自由中國의 아프리카外交競合硏究 : 1956~1971

洪亮杓,余康模 경북대학교 환태평양연구소 1989 環太平洋硏究 Vol.2 No.-

Africa has become a battlefield in the Chinese competition. So to speak, the major theatre of conflict between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists has been transferred from Chinese soil onto foreign territory. The Middle East, Southeast Asia, Latin America and other regions have all experienced Chinese competition, but nowhere has the rivalry become more intense than in Africa. Prior to the Late 1950's neither the PRC nor ROC had extensive contacts with Africa. Nor did either government have a direct stake in the region. Moreover, Africa itself was tabula rasa with respect to the China issue. What is more, It is precisely the newness of the venture that makes Chinese competition in Africa intriguing. Both contenders began their African assault de novo. So each has had to experiment and innovate according to the African response. However, at present, both Peking and Taipei are deeply involved in Africa. There has been a tendency to assume that only major powers or communist states utilize such instruments of foreign policy as foreign aid, good-will missions, cultural diplomacy, trade, agricultural technical assistance program, and similar programs to score political gains. The PRC-ROC's competition in Africa represents an excellent example. And the immediate importance of Africa to the ROC and the ORC is both political and economic in nature. Oneday to both, African support internationally became a matter of political life and death in UN. Finally, First, it is apparent that Africa occupied an important place in the Foreign policies of both Peking and Taipei. Second, notwithstanding the success of Taipei in Africa, the PRC-ROC's competition is not between equals. Third, Taipei has been able to compete effectively with Peking by being selective. These several conclusions may be reached on the basis of this brief survey of Chinese competition in Africa.

인접한 고층건물의 豊荷重 상호간섭에 관한 연구

조강표,정진택,정명채,김윤석 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.2(구조계)

Wind load is evaluated based on Standard Design Loads for Building of AIK(Architectural Institute of Korea), which was obtained from wind-tunnel experiment for an isolated building in open country, actual wind load can be different from the code because of terrain, building geometry, wind direction, separation distance between the buildings. Among them. separation distance is the most important factor. This paper presents the interference factor for sqaue section high-rise building structure, focusing on the separation distance. Interference factor was obtain from the force balance test in a wind tunnel.

인접건물에 의한 고층건물의 風荷重 변동에 관한 연구

조강표,홍성일,정명채 대한건축학회 2005 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.21 No.3

Wind loads on buildings in realistic environments surrounded by neighboring buildings may be considerably different from those measured on isolated buildings. Wind-induced interference effects depend mainly on the geometry and arrangement of these structures, their orientation and upstream terrain conditions. The most important factor among them is the arrangement of building structures. It is examined in this study that how wind loads on a high-rise building with square section are affected by the arrangement of neighboring buildings with side ratio of 1.5 to the measured building. Wind-induced interference effects on high-rise buildings were performed by wind-tunnel tests of force balance model. Interference factor was defined as ratio of wind force on a building with interfering buildings present to wind force on an isolated building.

고층건물의 風荷重에 대한 인접건물의 영향에 관한 연구 : 변장비가 2인 인접건물을 중심으로 Focused on Neighboring Building with Side Ratio of 2

조강표,홍성일 대한건축학회 2005 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.21 No.1

Wind loads on buildings In realistic environments surrounded by neighboring buildings may be considerably different from those measured on Isolated buildings Wind-induced interference effects depend mainly on the geometry and arrangement of these structures, their orientation and upstream terram conditions The most important factor among them may be the arrangement of building structures which can change the air flow directly It is examined In th13 study that how wind loads on a high-rise building with square section are affected by the arrangement of neighboring buildings with side ratio of 20 to the measured building Effects of neighboring buildings on Wind loads of high-rise building were Investigated by wind-tunnel tests of force balance model Interference factor was defined as ratio of Wind force on a building with interfering buildings present to wind force on an Isolated building

풍동실험을 통한 경량통신철탑의 풍응답 예측

조강표,타무라 유키오,이토 타카요시 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(구조계)

Wind-tunnel experiments of a communication steel tower were conducted for the wind-induced response using a rocking model. A turbulent wind flow (II of AIJ Recommendation on Loads on Buildings) was generated to closely simulate full scale wind environments. Two different damping levels (0.4% and 1.0% critical damping), which were adjusted by a silicon damping device, were selected as target damping ratios to estimate wind-induced vibration of the prototype structure with and without a tuned mass damper (TMD). Wind-excited motions of the prototype structure (K Tower in Japan) recorded in a video type were also analyzed and compared with the results of the wind-tunnel tests. The experimental results have a reasonable agreement with the analyzed result of video images.

질소 시비량에 따른 감나무 유목의 수체 부위별 질소화합물과 탄수화물 조성

강성모(Seong-Mo Kang2),홍광표(Kwang-Pyo Hong),박두상(Doo-Sang Park),최성태(Seong-Tae Choi) 한국원예학회 2010 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2010 No.10

장시간 수술시 Propofol과 Enflurane의 마취 유지 효과 및 술후 각성도에 대한 비교

김태요,윤재승,이강창,정영표,안선연 圓光大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.30 No.2

There has not been particular attention focused on the comparative benefits and risks of propofol anesthesia with inhalation anesthesia in the operations of long duration. This study was assessed the anesthetic efficacy and the speed of recovery from propofol or enflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing the long term operations. The propofol group (n=25) receiver 2.0 - 2.5mg/kg propofol intravenously for the induction of anesthesia and followed by propofol infusion(6 - 12mg/kg/h). The enflurane group (n=25) was induced as the propofol group and followed by enflurane(1-2 MAC) addministration. All patients received nitrous oxide (50%) in oxygen immediately after tracheal intubation. All anesthetic agents were stopped at the time of last stitch. The hemodynamic changes were recorded and the recovery was assessed with the time from discontinuation of all anesthetics to extubation and the indices of consciousness at early recovery(recall name, eye opening on command, raise hand on request and coughing on request). The recovery tests showed no differences between the groups. Systolic pressure after intubation in propofol group was significantly increased (p<0.05), compared with enflurane group. In propofol group, seven patients received fentanyl because of light anesthetic depth. The frequency of nausea and vomiting was similar between the groups. In conclusion, the long propofol anesthesia was not associated with faster recovery than enflurane anesthesia and propofol as an agent of anesthetic maintenance was unfavorable.