Rhetoric of Punishment and Consolation: A Reading of the Metaphor of Seed in Milton’s Paradise Lost

Jaekwang Hwang(황재광) 한국영미어문학회 2006 영미어문학 Vol.- No.79

  This paper explores Milton"s use of the multiple implications of the metaphor of seed in Paradise Lost as part of the poet"s rhetorical strategy to fulfill the aim of the poem stated explicitly at the outset of the poetic epic: The aim is to "assert Eternal Providence/And Justify the ways of God to men." The plurality of meaning inherent in the metaphor of seed in Paradise Lost can be listed in the multiple sets of opposing referents such as death and regeneration, singularity (individuality) and multiplicity, stoppage and continuity, beginning and end, guilt and grace and the list goes on. In Paradise Lost Adam and Eve before the Fall are presented as everlasting flower or fruits. Yet these grand parents of mankind are stripped of their immortality and paradise and take on the image of seed as they fall and become subject to the power of death. Yet the metaphor of seed in which the sinful couple are invested, alludes to not only the fallen possibility but also the promises of a new life. With the dual meaning of life and death, the metaphor of seed in Paradise Lost help us to articulate the shifting reality and paradoxical nature of Mankind before and after the Fall.   In addition, it is with the masterful deployment of the metaphor of seed throughout the poem that Milton shows how mercy and the justice of God, two quint-essential attributes of the Deity, are working together harmoniously for fallen mankind, The frequent use of the metaphor of seed in the final two books of Paradise Lost justifies the rational of Milton"s inclusion of the final two books of the poem, which has often been criticized as the bathos of the poem, by making the poem into a poetic epic of punishment and consolation.

The Will to Power and Autobiographical Candor in August Strindberg's Naturalistic Plays

Jaekwang Hwang(황재광) 신영어영문학회 2007 신영어영문학회 학술발표회 자료집 Vol.2007 No.3

Bulk Concentration Dependence of Electrolyte Resistance Within Mesopores of Carbon Electrodes in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors

Jaekwang Kim,김다은,이일복,심혜원,이진우,손형빈,이동현,윤성훈 대한화학회 2016 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.37 No.2

Hexagonally ordered mesoporous carbon materials were prepared and used as electrode materials in an electric double-layer capacitor. Using this electrode, the change of electrolyte resistance within the mesopores was investigated according to the bulk electrolyte concentration. Using three different electrochemical transient experiments—imaginary capacitance analysis, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry—the time constant associated with electrolyte transport was determined, which was then used to obtain the electrolyte resistance within the mesopores. With decreasing electrolyte concentration, the increase in electrolyte resistance was smaller than the increase in the resistivity of the bulk electrolyte, which is indicative of a different environment for ionic transport within the mesopores. On using the confinement effect within the mesopores, the predicted higher concentration within mesopore probably results in lower electrolyte resistance, especially under low bulk concentrations.

A Novel Frame rate Conversion Method by Using Improved True Motion Estimation

Jaekwang Kim,Sanghoon Song,Dongil Han 대한전자공학회 2015 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2015 No.6

In this paper, a method of estimating true motion vectors to reduce image quality deterioration such as block artifact is proposed. Three consecutive original input images are used to calculate the motion vectors. Bi-directional motion estimation, forward directional motion estimation, backward directional motion estimation is performed. The minimum SSD(Sum of Square Difference) obtained by bi-directional motion estimation compares each of the SSD values obtained by motion estimation of the forward and backward direction. And this will determine the optimal MV of forward, backward direction. Then, the estimated true motion vector is applied to frame interpolation.

Study of Food/Nutrition-Based Hearing Protection

Jaekwang Lee 한국식품영양과학회 2022 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2022 No.10

Melville's "foundling, a presumable by-blow": A Reading of the Acts of Open Form in Billy Budd, Sailor

Jaekwang Hwang 한국영미어문학회 2013 영미어문학 Vol.- No.108

This paper examines multiple implications of the acts of the open form in Billy Budd with attention to the author's preference for open ended process of inquiry and non-foundational impulse toward his own art. Melville's open form is equivalent to non-formist organic form and therefore antithetical to the New Critical concept of organic unity, in that the former emphasizes the multiple endings and the fragmented nature of the text created by growing processes of the narrative while the latter underscores the finalized form in literary texts. For this reason, the open ended form engenders multiple perspectives, and renders the novel functional and performative rather than foundational. Like Billy Budd whose origin is unknown, the text of Billy Budd acts like a literary foundling or by-blow of its author whose self-subverting rhetoric allows the story about the protean character to grow further in the mids and hearts of its readers. Rather than conveying the last word of its author, the novel offers its readers interpretive freedom and interpretive conundrum as well.

Willa Cather’s Godfrey St. Peter

Jaekwang Hwang 한국영미어문학회 2012 영미어문학 Vol.- No.103

Most critics of The Professor’s House have tended to oversimplify the novel as being structured around a clear-cut opposition between St. Peter’s idealism and Marsellus’s materialism or as being a bitter record of the author’s personal anxiety imbued with her anti-Semitism. To some extent, I also share such critical view that the novel is centered upon a clash between idealism and materialism. I contend, however, that the conflict between these two opposites is dramatized less in terms of St. Peter against Marsellus than as a matter of St. Peter being divided against himself. To put it differently, the fundamental source of St. Peter’s despair and anxiety, which at the novel's end drives him to feel indifferent to his own life and death, resides not so much in Marsellus’s materialism as in St. Peter’s own aesthetic and Romantic idealism, which confronts a subversive, materialistic force from within. His aesthetic idealism is imbued with such an oppositional element largely because it cannot dispense with material support. Thus, St. Peter’s despair and frustration are consequences of the nature of his idealism. The Professor’s House is more a critique of the self-dividing nature of St. Peter’s idealism than a direct indictment of materialism and commercialism. While St. Peter is not an adequate proponent of idealism, Marsellus, the professor's Jewish son-in-law, transcends a mere stereotype as a materialistic villain. Indeed, this flamboyant figure shows some qualities of Tom Outland's idealism, generosity and adventurous sprit that St. Peter admires, and makes untenable a simple dichotomous approach to the novel as a site of two competing forces of idealism and materialism.

Development of a Crawling Microrobot With High Steering Capability and High Stability to Navigate Through a Sharply Bent Tubular Environment

Jaekwang Nam,Gun Hee Jang,Seung Mun Jeon,Kyun Choi IEEE 2014 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.50 No.11

<P>We develop a crawling microrobot with high stability and high steering capability to navigate through a sharply bent tubular environment. The proposed microrobot can stably crawl forward and backward using the asymmetric friction force between a flexible leg and a wall. Our design can effectively change the moving direction even in sharply bent tubular environments using both the magnetic torque and the propulsive force generated by the crawling motion. The steering angle of the microrobot is simulated using a mathematical model of cantilever beam. We then perform various experiments to verify the validity of the proposed microrobot.</P>

Apolipoprotein E in Synaptic Plasticity and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Jaekwang Kim,Hyejin Yoon,Jacob Basak,Jungsu Kim 한국분자세포생물학회 2014 Molecules and cells Vol.37 No.11

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is clinically characterized with progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Synaptic dysfunction is an early pathological feature that occurs prior to neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. Mounting evidence suggests that aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau leads to synaptic deficits and neurodegeneration, thereby to memory loss. Among the established genetic risk factors for AD, the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic risk factor. We and others previously demonstrated that apoE regulates Aβ aggregation and clearance in an isoform- dependent manner. While the effect of apoE on Aβ may explain how apoE isoforms differentially affect AD pathogenesis, there are also other underexplored pathogenic mechanisms. They include differential effects of apoE on cerebral energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, neurovascular function, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. ApoE is a major carrier of cholesterols that are required for neuronal activity and injury repair in the brain. Although there are a few conflicting findings and the underlying mechanism is still unclear, several lines of studies demonstrated that apoE4 leads to synaptic deficits and impairment in long-term potentiation, memory and cognition. In this review, we summarize current understanding of apoE function in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its role in synaptic plasticity and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, involving low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), syndecan, and LRP8/ApoER2.

Form Without Boundaries - An Interpretation of the Structure in Herman Melville"s The Confidence-Man: His Masquerade

Jaekwang Hwang(황재광) 한국영미어문학회 2007 영미어문학 Vol.- No.83

  Melville"s The Confidence-Man, His Masquerade has generally been regarded as  a failure of form. It has also been read as a satire against American culture. Critics prone to read The Confidence- Man with such a disapproving eye tend to see those unlikely aspects of the novel as symptomatic of a failed author. Against these dis-commendable views of the work, this essay argues that the form of The Confidence-Man is not a "failure of form ; it is simply dictated by the fiction"s material rather than by the troubled mind of the author. The primary determinant of the novel"s form is the shifting actions and ideas of the multi-formed confidence man. Thus, The Confidence-Man is another variation in terms of the forms of Melville"s novels, which assume an organic aesthetic as its form corresponds with the multiple implications of the fiction"s material. In addition to, or because of the continuity between material and form in The Confidence-Man, there is the tendency to openendedness and ambiguity in the structure of the novel. However, this seemingly disturbing quality of the form is not to be interpreted as a manifestation of the author"s frustrated psyche or his lack of narrative techniques. Instead, it should be taken as an outcome of the author"s own predilection for the organic aesthetic derived from his anti-essentialist vision of art and literature. This essay also contends that The Confidence-Man is by no means a satirical work against American culture by pointing out that it provides no possible criteria for moral judgment. Nor is the novel a display of the author"s pessimistic view of humanity, considering that Melville chose to set the novel on April Fool"s Day.