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1
Psychiatric Implications of Nutritional Deficiencies in Alcoholism

ByungJoo Ham,IhnGeun Choi 대한신경정신의학회 2005 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.2 No.2
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Malnutrition is common in chronic alcoholics. Hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and, hypophosphatemia have all been associated with chronic alcoholism. Alcohol intake is also associated with low serum magnesium, selenium and zinc levels. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and C, and fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, E and K have also been reported to be deficient in alcoholics. General causes of malnutrition in alcoholics are inadequate nutrient, particularly lack of water-soluble vitamins in their diet, reduced uptake, impaired utilization, increased requirements of nutrients and genetic predisposition to nutrient deficiency. Nutrient deficiencies are, therefore, a virtually inevitable consequence of alcohol abuse, not only because alcohol displaces food, but also because alcohol directly interferes with the body s use of nutrients, making them ineffective even if they are present. Chronic alcoholics exhibit a number of neurological disorders which are related to nutritional deficiencies, in particular vitamin deficiencies that are essential for normal cerebral functioning. Specific vitamin and nutrient deficiencies arising in chronic alcoholics may result in severe functional impairment and tissue damage, mainly neuronal and vascular, in the brain. Nutritional deficiency in alcoholics also causes neurotransmitter dysfunction, ion channel dysfunction, oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction in the brain. Nutritional deficiency in chronic alcoholics frequently leads to a mild to moderate cognitive impairment, including impairment in perceptual-motor skills, visual-spatial functions, learning/memory, and abstraction and problem solving. There are a number of nutritional deficiencies which need to be cared for but magnesium, thiamine, and other B vitamins need to be administered immediately. Nutritional therapy can aid in the recovery from alcoholism. Patients who have received nutritional therapy reported significantly less alcohol craving as well as significantly greater nutrient intakes, and a greater number abstained from alcohol. Although abstinence and proper nutrition remain the cornerstones of treatment, pharmacological modification of neurotransmitter function and/or enhancement of cerebral metabolism combined with behavioral methods may also be beneficial.
2
화상 환자에서 신속 순차 시각 제시를 이용한 주의깜빡임에 관한 예비연구

김대희,전보라,서정훈,조용석,임해준,허준,김도헌,전욱,김종현,정명훈,최인근,이병철,Kim, Dae Hee,Jun, Bora,Seo, Cheong Hoon,Cho, Yongsuk,Yim, Haejun,Hur, Jun,Kim, Dohern,Chun, Wook,Kim, Jonghyun,Jung, Myung Hun,Choi, Ihngeun,Lee, Boung Ch 대한생물정신의학회 2010 생물정신의학 Vol.17 No.2
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Objectives : Trauma patients have attentional bias which enforces traumatic memories and causes cognitive errors. Understanding of such selective attention may explain many aspects of the posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) symptoms. Methods : We used the rapid serial visual presentation(RSVP) method to verify attentional blink in burn patients with PTSD. International affective picture system(IAPS) was used as stimuli and distracters. In the 'neutral test', patients have been presented series of pictures with human face picture as target stimuli. Each picture had 100ms interval. However the distance between target facial pictures was randomized and recognition of second facial picture accuracy was measured. In the 'stress test', the first target was stress picture which arouses patient emotions instead of the facial picture. Neutral and Stress tests were done with seven PTSD patients and 20 controls. In '85ms test' the interval was reduced to 85ms. The accuracy of recognition of second target facial picture was rated in all three tests. Eighty-five ms study was done with eighteen PTSD patients. Results : Attentional blinks were observed in 100-400ms of RSVP. PTSD patients showed increased recognition rate in the 'stress test' compared with the 'neutral test'. When presentation interval was decreased to 85 ms, PTSD patient showed decrease of attentional blink effect when target facial picture interval was 170ms. Conclusion : We found attentional blink effect could be affected by stress stimulus in burn patients. And attentional blink may be affected by stimulus interval and the character of stimulus. There may be some other specific mechanism related with selective attention in attentional blink especially with facial picture processing.