Response of Upland Cotton (G.hirsutum L.) Genotypes to Drought Stress Using Drought Tolerance Indices

Chandrakant Singh,Vijay Kumar,Indivar Prasad,Vishal R. Patil,Rajkumar B.K. 한국작물학회 2016 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.19 No.1

Drought tolerance as such is often not considered to be an independent trait by plant breeders. The objective of this study was to evaluate eight drought tolerance indices, namely stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield stability index (YSI), yield reduction ratio (Yr), yield index (YI), tolerance index (TOL), mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), and stress tolerance index (STI) in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) genotypes. For this purpose, 16 genotypes were sampled during the 2013-2014 growing seasons under both normal and drought-stress field conditions at the Main Cotton Research Station of Navsari Agricultural University, Surat, India. The drought tolerance indices were calculated based on seed cotton yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Mean comparison of drought tolerance indices and seed cotton yield validated the significant influences of drought stress on yield as well as significant differences among genotypes. Results of calculated correlation coefficients and multivariate analyses showed that GMP, MP and STI indices were able to discriminate drought-sensitive and tolerant genotypes. Cluster analysis using the drought-tolerance indices divided the 16 genotypes into tolerant and susceptible groups. Two genotypes, G.Cot.16 × H-1353/10 and H-1353/10 × G.Cot.16 gave good yield response under drought conditions leading to their stability during water stress conditions. Based on multivariate analyses using the indices individually or in combinations, it was possible to identify the most yield-stable genotypes across the environments. Overall, we concluded that GMP, MP and STI indices can be efficiently exploited not only for screening drought tolerance but also to identify superior genotypessuitable for both stress and non-stress field conditions.

Genetic Diversity Evaluation of Thamnocalamus spathiflorus (Trin.) Munro Accessions through Morphological and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers

Chandrakant Tiwari,Meena Bakshi,Dinesh Gupta 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2019 Journal of Forest Science Vol.35 No.2

Biodiversity refers to the total number and variation among species of flora and fauna of an area. Due to tremendous biotic especially anthropogenic pressure these natural resources are being vanishing. In present study genetic diversity among accessions of Thamnocalamus spathiflorus was evaluated. A total of 51 vegetative characters and 42 primers (10-mer) were screened. Out of 42 screened primers, 28 polymorphic primers were selected for further analysis. A total of 263 bands were recorded as polymorphic whereas 48 bands were monomorphic. The resolving power (Rp) of 28 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers ranged from 4.6 (OPE08) to 17.6 (OPA11). The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.21 (OPAH09) to 0.44 (OPG02). The result revealed high degree of genetic relatedness (56 to 80%). Cluster analysis revealed two major clusters both for morphology as well as RAPD. Unlike morphological characterization, the accession (D5) from Bahli, Rampur, Shimla (H.P.) was clustered separately from the others in RAPD cluster analysis. Accessions with closed locality grouped together through RAPD marker system however analogy was recorded for morphological traits. The study conducted reflects the utility of RAPD technique for species identification and phylogenetic studies in bamboo for conducting bamboo breeding program.

Application of a Compatible Xylose Isomerase in Simultaneous Bioconversion of Glucose and Xylose to Ethanol

Chandrakant Priya,Bisaria Virendra S. The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2000 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.5 No.1

Simultaneous isomerisation and fermentation (SIF) of xylose and simultaneous isomerisation and cofermentation (SICF) of glucose-xylose mixture was carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence of a compatible xylose isomerase. The enzyme converted xylose to xylulose and S. cerevisiae fermented xylulose, along with glucose, to ethanol at pH 5.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. This compatible xylose isomerase from Candida boidinii, having an optimum pH and temperature range of 4.5-5.0 and $30-35^{\circ}C$ respectively, was partially purified and immobilized on an inexpensive, inert and easily available support, hen egg shell. An immobilized xylose isomerase loading of 4.5 IU/(g initial xylose) was optimum for SIF of xylose as well as SICF of glucose-xylose mixture to ethanol by S. cerevisiae. The SICF of 30 g/L glucose and 70 g xylose/L gave an ethanol concentration of 22.3 g/L with yield of 0.36 g/(g sugar consumed) and xylose conversion efficiency of $42.8\%$.

Design and Implementation of Genetic Fuzzy Controller for Split Air-Conditioner Control Based on Fanger's PMV Index

Chandrakant Balkrishna Patil,R.R. Mudholkar 대한설비공학회 2019 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.27 No.4

This paper reports the design and implementation of genetically optimized fuzzy logic controller (GAFLC) for split air-conditioner based on the principle of Fanger’s Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index. The proposed control strategy is aimed at improving the indoor thermal environment (ITE) at houses, offices, libraries, hotels, etc. because it plays a vital role in determining the health, physical and mental productivity of the occupants. The GAFLC has been implemented in MATLAB Simulink for computer simulation and also on hardware platform using the commercially available 8-bit ATmega-328 microcontroller through embedded C-coding for real practice. One part of the designed control algorithm examines the values of activity level, clothing insulation, air velocity, and relative humidity and decides the comfort temperature value to be set such that the PMV and PPD indices get satisfied. The other part generates a control signal to the air-conditioner compressor to maintain that temperature. From the simulation results it is seen that the generated comfort temperature values are in the range of 24.4∘– 26.55∘C for various combinations of environmental and personal parameters, which are well above the general temperature set value of 20∘C. This indicates the scope for reducing energy consumption to a greater extent. Also the PMV index lies in the range of −0.23 to + 0.36 with untuned fuzzy inference system (FIS), and in the range of −0.32 to + 0.14 with genetic algorithm (GA)-tuned FIS, which are acceptable comfort levels that human physiology can endure with more satisfaction. The experimental results show that GAFLC has generated a comfort temperature value for specified input parameters and also maintained the room temperature at that value to keep the thermal ambience more satisfactorily.

Natural anti-proliferative agent loaded self-microemulsifying nanoparticles for potential therapy in oral squamous carcinoma

Chandrakant R. Kokare,Shital C. Patil,Amol A. Tagalpallewar 한국약제학회 2019 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.49 No.5

Piperine is a poorly water-soluble drug and its bioavailability is a great barrier for this drug. The objective of current work was to formulate and investigate a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of piperine as well as modification of liquid SMEDDS into the solid SMEDDS. Solubility study of piperine was performed in various excipients. Optimum composition of the microemulsion region was identified by using the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Liquid SMEDDS formulation was optimized by Box–Behnken statistical design. The optimized liquid SMEDDS formulation showed particle size 22.12 ± 0.88 nm, PDI 0.185 ± 0.03 and transmittance 99.48 ± 0.32%. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to determine in vitro anticancer efficacy of piperine using KB cell lines. The piperine loaded self-microemulsifying nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth of carcinoma cells by targeting mitochondria and produced caspases-3 activity. Whereas, this mechanism showed significant role in inhibition of cancer signaling stage. The MTT assay confirmed 98.7% cytotoxicity in cancerous cells. Moreover, PXRD analysis showed the transformation of the crystalline structure of piperine to the amorphous (dissolved) state. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation of liquid and solid-SMEDDS has shown faster drug release as compared to the pure drug. The developed formulation was stable under stability conditions after 3 months of storage. Thus, the studies revealed that SMEDDS has a promising strategy for a poorly water-soluble drug, which benefits to enhance the solubility, dissolution also an anti-proliferative performance of piperine in the oral squamous carcinoma.

An Investigational Approach for the Modelling of Infiltration Process in a Clay Soil

Chandrakant L. Jejurkar,Milind P. Rajurkar 대한토목학회 2015 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.19 No.6

Prediction of soil infiltration rate is of prime importance in irrigation and drainage studies. Infiltration seems to be very simple, but field determination of soil infiltration is very tedious and time consuming task. This investigation was employed to predict the soil infiltration rate and estimate the soil infiltration model parameters. Two infiltration models namely, Kostiakov and Modified Kostiakov were studied to assess the predictability of water infiltration into a clay soil in Kopargaon of Maharashtra region. The double ring Infiltrometer was used to measure soil infiltration rate in the field. The soil infiltration measurements were made at 10 points over the study area. The infiltration model parameters were determined graphically and analytically using Davis method. Results of the investigation shows that the cumulative infiltrations predicted by Kostiakov and Modified Kostiakov models were very close to the field measured cumulative infiltration. The soil physical properties like moisture content, textural analysis and electrical conductivity exhibit the effect on soil infiltration rate and the amounts of infiltration model parameters for both the models. The statistical parameters, coefficient of determination (R2) reported very high values for both the models, while values of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were low, which reflected accuracy in estimation of infiltration. Absolute Mean Difference (AMD) between field measured and predicted by models were also very low.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Thamnocalamus falconeri Hook f. ex. Munro

Chandrakant Tiwari,Meena Bakshi,Subhash Nautiyal 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2015 Journal of Forest Science Vol.31 No.3

The economy of India and so also of many Asian countries depends on bamboos and their uses are not only in domestic items but also in rural housing and raw materials to several industries and germplasm characterization is an important link between the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Classical taxonomic studies of the bamboos are based on floral morphology and growth habit, which can cause problems in identification due to erratic flowering coupled with different biotic agencies and environmental factors. Identification and genetic relationships among accessions of Thamnocalamus falconeri were investigated using morphology and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) technique. Analysis started by using 51 vegetative characters and forty two 10-mer primers that allowed us to distinguish different genotypes hailing from different eco- zones of Garhwal Himalayas (India). The selected primers (12) were used for identification and for establishing a profiling system to estimate genetic diversity. A total of 79.33% polymorphism was estimated by using 12 selected primers. The genetic similar analysis was conducted based on binary digits i.e. presence (1) or absence (0) of bands, which revealed a wide range of variability among the species whereas genetic relatedness was quite high based on vegetative characters. Cluster analysis clearly showed two major clusters for both of the markers viz. morphology and RAPD belonging to 10 accessions of T. falconeri. Two major clusters were further divided into minor clusters. Cluster based on RAPD marker showed grouping of accessions of closed locality whereas analogy was reported for vegetative traits. The RAPD technique has the potential for use in species identification and genetic relationships studies of bamboo for breeding program.

Middleware Services for Security in Scalable and Non-Scalable Heterogeneous Nodes of MANETs

Chandrakant N,Deepa Shenoy P,Venugopal K R 보안공학연구지원센터 2011 International Journal of Future Generation Communi Vol.4 No.2

Inhibitory Potential of Tea Polyphenolics and Influence of Extraction Time Against Helicobacter pylori and Lack of Inhibition of Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria

Chandrakant Ankolekar,David Johnson,Marcia da Silva Pinto,Kevin Johnson,Ronald Labbe,Kalidas Shetty 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.11

Tea polyphenolics such as catechins are known to have the potential to inhibit many bacterial pathogens. Helicobacter pylori has been identified as an etiologic agent in the development of gastric ulcer, peptic ulcer, gastritis, and many other stomach-related diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of 9 tea extracts—3 different brands representing 4 different processed types (white, green, oolong, and black)—on the inhibition of H. pylori. Extraction times of 2 and 5 minutes were compared. Most 5-minute extracts showed H. pylori inhibition, whereas 2-minute extracts only of Choice darjeeling black and Tazo white showed inhibition. No recovery was observed after the addition of 0.5 and 5 mM proline, indicating that tea polyphenols do not inhibit H. pylori by inhibition of proline oxidation via proline dehydrogenase. Extracts that showed inhibition were further evaluated for their effect on beneficial lactic acid bacteria. None of the samples showed inhibition, suggesting that tea might be able to inhibit H. pylori without affecting the beneficial lactic acid bacteria. High-performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of gallic acid, quercetin, caffeine, and tea catechins (including catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin) in all the tea samples. Our study indicates that tea can be potentially used as a low-cost dietary support to combat H. pylori–linked gastric diseases without affecting the beneficial intestinal bacteria.

Anti-Hyperglycemia Properties of Tea (Camellia sinensis) Bioactives Using In Vitro Assay Models and Influence of Extraction Time

Chandrakant Ankolekar,Trisha Terry,Kevin Johnson,David Johnson,Ana Christina Lopez Barbosa,Kalidas Shetty 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.10

Tea (Camellia sinensis) has well-known health benefits, which are attributed to its polyphenolic metabolites. This research explored the potential of regular tea consumption and influence of extraction time typically used in daily consumption of tea, as a therapeutic dietary support for potential management of early stage type 2 diabetes using in vitro assay models. Extraction times of 2 and 5 minutes were compared. The 5-minute extraction time had significantly higher total phenolic content compared with the 2-minute extraction time. Choice Darjeeling 5-minute extraction yielded the highest amount of total phenolics (299.6±5.9 mg/g), followed by Tazo Black 5-minute extraction (240±9.7 mg/g), whereas Bigelow Green 2-minute extraction had the lowest total phenolic content (53±8.2 mg/g). 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging-linked antioxidant activity was high (81–91%) for all types evaluated, and for most samples it was influenced by the extraction time. Similarly, high in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition was observed in almost all the samples assayed, and for most samples the 5-minute extraction had significantly higher inhibition compared with the 2-minute extraction time. The most fermented teas showed highest α-amylase inhibition: Choice Darjeeling 5-minute extraction had the highest inhibition (84.1%), followed by Tazo Black 5-minute extraction (71.6%). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition was not observed in any sample. Overall, the 5-minute extraction time was found to have more relevance for potential benefits for managing hyperglycemia than the 2-minute procedure. This research suggests that tea offers an attractive potential strategy to regulate postprandial hyperglycemia toward an overall dietary support for type 2 diabetes management.