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Abbas, Zaheer,Shin, Jawon,Atla, Raju,Rasool, Shafket,Song, Chang Eun,Lee, Hang Ken,Lee, Sang Kyu,Shin, Won Suk,So, Won-Wook,Kwon, Soon-Ki,Kim, Yun-Hi,Lee, Jong-Cheol American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.45
<P>To utilize the potential of small-molecule-based organic solar cells, proper designs of the photoactive materials which result in reasonable performance in a halogen-free solvent system and thickness tolerance over a range are required. One of the best approaches to achieve these requirements is via the molecular engineering of small-molecule electron donors. Here, we have modified a previously reported dithienobenzodithiophene (DTBDT)-based small molecule (SM1) via the dimerization approach, that is, the insertion of an additional DTBDT into the main backbone of the small molecule (SM2). An SM1-based photoactive film showed severe pinhole formation throughout the film when processed with a halogen-free <I>o</I>-xylene solvent. On the other hand, the modified small-molecule SM2 formed an excellent pinhole-free film when processed with the <I>o</I>-xylene solvent. Because of the dimerization of the DTBDT in the SM2 core, highly crystalline films with compact lamellae and an enhanced donor/acceptor interdigitation were formed, and all of these factors led to a high efficiency of 8.64% with chloroform and 8.37% with the <I>o</I>-xylene solvent systems. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents one of the best results with the SM donor and fullerene derivative acceptor materials that have shown the device performance with halogen-free solvents.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
( Muhammad Y Sheikh ),( Pradeep R Atla ),( Adnan Ameer ),( Humaira Sadiq ),( Patrick C Sadler ) 대한소화기학회 2013 Gut and Liver Vol.7 No.1
Background/Aims: The Central California Valley has a diverse population with significant proportions of Hispanics and Asians. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepa titis C virus (HCV) in healthy blood donors in the Valley. Methods: A total of 217,738 voluntary blood donors were identified between 2006 and 2010 (36,795 first-time donors; 180,943 repeat donors). Results: Among the first-time donors, the HBV and HCV prevalence was 0.28% and 0.52%, respectively. Higher HBV prevalence seen in Asians (3%) followed by Caucasians (0.05%), African Americans (0.15%), and Hispanics (0.05%). Hmong had a HBV prevalence of 7.63% with a peak prevalence of 8.76% among the 16- to 35-year-old age group. Highest HCV prevalence in Native Americans (2.8) followed by Caucasians (0.59%), Hispanics (0.45%), African Americans (0.38%), and Asians (0.2%). Conclusions: Ethnic disparities persist with regard to the prevalence of HBV and HCV in the Central California Valley. The reported prevalence may be an underestimate because our study en rolled healthy volunteer blood donors only. The development of aggressive public health measures to evaluate the true prevalence of HBV and HCV and to identify those in need of HBV and HCV prevention measures and therapy is critically important. (Gut Liver 2013;7:66-73)