Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Characteristics of Digestion, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Digestible Energy in Steers Fed Diets with Different Starch:ADF Ratios

Lopez-Soto, M.A.,Rivera-Mendez, C.R.,Aguilar-Hernandez, J.A.,Barreras, A.,Calderon-Cortes, J.F.,Plascencia, A.,Davila-Ramos, H.,Estrada-Angulo, A.,Valdes-Garcia, Y.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.2

As a result of the cost of grains, the replacement of grains by co-products (i.e. DDGS) in feedlot diets is a common practice. This change produces diets that contain a lower amount of starch and greater amount of fibre. Hypothetically, combining feed grade urea (U) with slow release urea (Optigen) in this type of diet should elicit a better synchrony between starch (high-rate of digestion) and fibre (low-rate of digestion) promoting a better microbial protein synthesis and ruminal digestion with increasing the digestible energy of the diet. Four cannulated Holstein steers ($213{\pm}4$ kg) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to examine the combination of Optigen and U in a finishing diet containing different starch:acid detergent fibre ratios (S:F) on the characteristics of digestive function. Three S:F ratios (3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) were tested using a combination of U (0.80%) and Optigen (1.0%). Additionally, a treatment of 4.5 S:F ratio with urea (0.80% in ration) as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used to compare the effect of urea combination at same S:F ratio. The S:F ratio of the diet was manipulated by replacing the corn grain by dried distillers grain with solubles and roughage. Urea combination did not affect ruminal pH. The S:F ratio did not affect ruminal pH at 0 and 2 h post-feeding but, at 4 and 6 h, the ruminal pH decreased as the S:F ratio increased (linear, p<0.05). Ruminal digestion of OM, starch and feed N were not affected by urea combination or S:F ratio. The urea combination did not affect ADF ruminal digestion. ADF ruminal digestion decreased linearly (p = 0.02) as the S:F ratio increased. Compared to the urea treatment (p<0.05) and within the urea combination treatment (quadratic, p<0.01), the flow of microbial nitrogen (MN) to the small intestine and ruminal microbial efficiency were greater for the urea combination at a S:F ratio of 4.5. Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved (2.8%, p = 0.02) postruminal N digestion. As S:F ratio increased, OM digestion increased, but ADF total tract digestion decreased. The combination of urea at 4.5 S:F improved (2%, p = 0.04) the digestible energy (DE) more than expected. Combining urea and Optigen resulted in positive effects on the MN flow and DE of the diet, but apparently these advantages are observed only when there is a certain proportion of starch:ADF in the diet.

Effects of Combining Feed Grade Urea and a Slow-release Urea Product on Performance, Dietary Energetics and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Lambs Fed Finishing Diets with Different Starch to Acid Detergent Fiber Ratios

Estrada-Angulo, A.,Lopez-Soto, M.A.,Rivera-Mendez, C.R.,Castro, B.I.,Rios, F.G.,Davila-Ramos, H.,Barreras, A.,Urias-Estrada, J.D.,Zinn, R.A.,Plascencia, A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.12

Recent findings have shown that microbial nitrogen flow and digestible energy of diets are increased when urea is combined with a slow-release urea (SRU) in diets with a starch to acid detergent fibre ratio (S:F) 4:1. This affect is attributable to enhanced synchrony between ruminal N availability for microbial growth and carbohydrate degradation. To verify the magnitude of this effects on lamb performance, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combining urea and a SRU in diets containing S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1 on performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. For that, 40 Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($36.65{\pm}3kg$) were assigned to one of five weight groupings in 20 pens (5 repetition/treatments). The S:F ratio in the diet was manipulated by partially replacing the corn grain and dried distiller's grain with solubles by forage (wheat straw) and soybean meal to reach S:F ratios of 3:1, 4:1 or 5:1. An additional treatment of 4:1 S:F ratio with 0.8% urea as the sole source of non-protein nitrogen was used as a reference for comparing the effect of urea combination vs. conventional urea at the same S:F ratio. There were no treatment effects on dry matter intake (DMI). Compared the urea combination vs urea at the same S:F ratio, urea combination increased (p<0.01) average daily gain (ADG, 18.3%), gain for feed (G:F, 9.5%), and apparent energy retention per unit DMI (8.2%). Irrespective of the S:F ratio, the urea combination improved the observed-to-expected dietary ratio and apparent retention per unit DMI was maximal (quadratic effect, $p{\leq}0.03$) at an S:F ratio of 4:1, while the conventional urea treatment did not modify the observed-to-expected net energy ratio nor the apparent retention per unit DMI at 4:1 S:F ratio. Urea combination group tended (3.8%, p = 0.08) to have heavier carcasses with no effects on the rest of carcass characteristics. As S:F ratio increased, ADG, G:F, dietary net energy, carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus thoracis (LM) area increased linearly ($p{\leq}0.02$). Combining urea and a slow-release urea product results in positive effects on growth performance and dietary energetics, but the best responses are apparently observed when there is a certain proportion (S:F ratio = 4:1) of starch to acid detergent fibre in the diet.

Synthesis, Fastness and Spectral Properties of Some New Azo Pyrazole and Pyrazolotriazole Derivatives

Rizk, Hala F.,El-Badawi, Mahmoud A.,Ibrahim, Seham A.,El-Borai, Mohamed A. Korean Chemical Society 2010 대한화학회지 Vol.54 No.6

Coupling of 5-amino-1,3-diaryl-pyrazoles 1a-c with diazonium salts of different aryl amines gave a series of novel 1,3-diaryl-5-amino-4-arylazopyrazoles 3a-l. Such compounds could be also obtained by reaction of 5-amino-1,3-diaryl-4-nitroso- 1H-pyrazoles 2a-c with different aryl amines in alkaline medium. Oxidation of azo derivatives 3a-l with cupric acetate, in dimethyl formamide and stream of air, gave 2,4,6-triaryl-2,4-dihydropyrazolo [4,3-d]-1,2,3-triazoles 4a-l. and the fluorescence properties of the cyclic triazoles were studied. Diazotization of 5-amino-1,3-diaryl-1H-pyrazoles 1a-c by sodium nitrite in ortho-phosphoric acid followed by coupling with some aryl amines gave o-aminoazo compounds 5a-f. Cyclisation of compounds 5a-f in pyridine and cupric acetate gave the corresponding triazoles 6a-f. The coupling of compounds 6a-f with different aryl diazonium salts gave compounds 7a-j. The synthesized dyes were applied to polyesters as disperse dyes and the fastness properties were evaluated. 5-Amino-1,3-diaryl-pyrazoles 1a-c 와 다양한 aryl amine의diazonium salts를 반응시켜서 1,3-diaryl-5-amino-4-arylazopyrazoles 3a-l을 합성하였으며, 몇 가지 화합물은 5-amino-1,3-diaryl-4-nitroso-1H-pyrazoles 2a-c와 aryl amine의 diazonium salts를 반응시켜서 얻었다. 합성한 azo 유도체 화합물 3a-l을 DMF 용매 속에서 cupric acetate와 산화반응시켜서 2,4,6-triaryl-2,4-dihydropyrazolo [4,3-d]-1,2,3-triazoles 4a-l을 합성하였으며, 합성한 cyclic triazoles에 대한 형광 특성을 측정하였다. 한편, Diazotization of sodium nitrite/ortho-phosphoric acid 조건에서 5-amino-1,3-diaryl-1H-pyrazoles 1a-c를 diazotization화 반응시킨 다음에, aryl amines과 반응시켜서 o-aminoazo compounds 5a-f를 합성하였다. 합성한 화합물 5a-f를 pyridine/cupric acetate 반응 조건에서 반응시켜서 triazole 6a-f들을 합성하였으며, 얻어진 화합물 6a-f을 aryl diazonium salts과 반응시켜서 화합물 7a-j을 합성하였다. 합성한 염료 화합물을 polyesters에 분산염료와 정착성을 측정하였다.

The IL-1 family member 7b translocates to the nucleus and down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines.

Sharma, Sheetal,Kulk, Nicole,Nold, Marcel F,Grä,f, Ralph,Kim, Soo-Hyun,Reinhardt, Dietrich,Dinarello, Charles A,Bufler, Philip Williams Wilkins 2008 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.180 No.8

<P>The IL-1 family member 7b (IL-1F7b) is a novel homolog of the IL-1 cytokine family discovered by computational cloning. We have reported that IL-1F7b shares critical amino acid residues with IL-18 and binds the IL-18-binding protein; in doing so, IL-1F7b augments the inhibition of IFN-gamma by the IL-18-binding protein. IL-1F7b also binds IL-18Ralpha but neither induces signal nor acts as a receptor antagonist. Hence, the function of IL-1F7b remains unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the intracellular expression pattern of IL-1F7b. Using two variants of GFP fusion constructs of human IL-1F7b stably expressed in RAW macrophages, only the postcleavage mature form of the IL-1F7b precursor-but not the N-terminal propiece-specifically translocates to the nucleus following LPS stimulation. IL-1F7b, like IL-1beta, IL-18, and IL-33, is processed by caspase-1 to generate the mature cytokines. Therefore, we tested whether caspase-1-mediated cleavage of the IL-1F7b precursor is required for mature IL-1F7b to translocate actively into the nucleus. Indeed, a specific caspase-1 inhibitor markedly reduced nuclear entry of IL-1F7b. In stable transfectants of human IL-1F7b in RAW macrophages stimulated with LPS, levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-6, as well as the chemokine MIP-2, were substantially reduced (72-98%) compared with LPS-stimulated cells transfected with the empty plasmid. These results demonstrate that IL-1F7b translocates to the nucleus after caspase-1 processing and may act as a transcriptional modulator reducing the production of LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines, consistent with IL-1F7b being an anti-inflammatory member of the IL-1 family.</P>

Search for third-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to a top quark and a [FORMULA OMISSION] lepton at [FORMULA OMISSION]

Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Ambrogi, F.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Brondolin, E.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Del Valle, A. Escalante,Flechl, M.,Friedl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Gh Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018 European Physical Journal C Vol.78 No.9

<P>A search for pair production of heavy scalar leptoquarks (LQs), each decaying into a top quark and a [FORMULA OMISSION] lepton, is presented. The search considers final states with an electron or a muon, one or two [FORMULA OMISSION] leptons that decayed to hadrons, and additional jets. The data were collected in 2016 in proton–proton collisions at [FORMULA OMISSION] with the CMS detector at the LHC, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9[FORMULA OMISSION]. No evidence for pair production of LQs is found. Assuming a branching fraction of unity for the decay [FORMULA OMISSION], upper limits on the production cross section are set as a function of LQ mass, excluding masses below 900[FORMULA OMISSION] at 95% confidence level. These results provide the most stringent limits to date on the production of scalar LQs that decay to a top quark and a [FORMULA OMISSION] lepton.</P>

A Microstructural Model of the Thermal Conductivity of Dispersion Type Fuels with a Fuel Matrix Interaction Layer

A.F. Williams,B.W. Leitch,N. Wang 한국원자력학회 2013 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.45 No.7

This paper describes a finite element model of the microstructure of dispersion type nuclear fuels, which can be used todetermine the effective thermal conductivity of the fuels during irradiation. The model simulates a representative region of thefuel as a prism shaped unit cell made of brick elements. The elements within the unit cell are assigned material properties ofeither the fuel or the matrix depending on position, in such a way as to represent randomly distributed fuel particles with a sizedistribution similar to that of the as manufactured fuel. By applying an appropriate heat flux across the unit cell it is possible todetermine the effective thermal conductivity of the unit cell as a function of the volume fraction of the fuel particles. Thepresence of a fuel/matrix interaction layer is simulated by the addition of a third set of material properties that are assigned tothe finite elements that surround each fuel particle. In this way the effective thermal conductivity of the material may also bedetermined as a function of the volume fraction of the interaction layer. Work is on going to add fission gas bubbles in the fuelas a fourth phase to the model.

Search for a heavy resonance decaying to a pair of vector bosons in the lepton plus merged jet final state at s = 13 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$ TeV

Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Ambrogi, F.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Brondolin, E.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Escalante Del Valle, A.,Flechl, M.,Friedl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Gh Institute of Physics Pub 2018 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2018 No.5

<P>A search for a new heavy particle decaying to a pair of vector bosons (WW or WZ) is presented using data from the CMS detector corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) collected in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016. One of the bosons is required to be a W boson decaying to e nu or mu nu, while the other boson is required to be reconstructed as a single massive jet with substructure compatible with that of a highly-energetic quark pair from a W or Z boson decay. The search is performed in the resonance mass range between 1.0 and 4.4 TeV. The largest deviation from the background-only hypothesis is observed for a mass near 1.4 TeV and corresponds to a local significance of 2.5 standard deviations. The result is interpreted as an upper bound on the resonance production cross section. Comparing the excluded cross section values and the expectations from theoretical calculations in the bulk graviton and heavy vector triplet models, spin-2 WW resonances with mass smaller than 1.07 TeV and spin-1 WZ resonances lighter than 3.05 TeV, respectively, are excluded at 95% confidence level.</P>

Search for a heavy resonance decaying into a Z boson and a vector boson in the ν ν ¯ q q ¯ $$ \nu \overline{\nu}\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}} $$ final state

Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Ambrogi, F.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Brondolin, E.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Escalante Del Valle, A.,Flechl, M.,Friedl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Gh Institute of Physics Pub 2018 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2018 No.7

<P>A search is presented for a heavy resonance decaying into either a pair of Z bosons or a Z boson and a W boson (ZZ or WZ), with a Z boson decaying into a pair of neutrinos and the other boson decaying hadronically into two collimated quarks that are reconstructed as a highly energetic large-cone jet. The search is performed using the data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC during 2016 in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). No excess is observed in data with regard to background expectations. Results are interpreted in scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. Limits at 95% confidence level on production cross sections are set at 0.9 fb (63 fb) for spin-1 W' bosons, included in the heavy vector triplet model, with mass 4.0 TeV (1.0 TeV), and at 0.5 fb (40 fb) for spin-2 bulk gravitons with mass 4.0 TeV (1.0 TeV). Lower limits are set on the masses of W' bosons in the context of two versions of the heavy vector triplet model of 3.1 TeV and 3.4 TeV, respectively.</P>

Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to γγ or τ +τ − at s = 13 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$ TeV

Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Ambrogi, F.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Escalante Del Valle, A.,Flechl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Ghete, V. M.,Hrubec, J.,Jei Springer-Verlag 2018 Journal of high energy physics Vol.2018 No.9

<P>A search for dark matter particles is performed by looking for events with large transverse momentum imbalance and a recoiling Higgs boson decaying to either a pair of photons or a pair of tau leptons. The search is based on proton-proton collision data at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected at the CERN LHC in 2016 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). No significant excess over the expected standard model background is observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are presented for the product of the production cross section and branching fraction in the context of two benchmark simplified models. For the Z'-two-Higgs-doublet model (where Z' is a new massive boson mediator) with an intermediate heavy pseudoscalar particle of mass m(A) = 300 GeV and m(DM) = 100 GeV, the Z' masses from 550 GeV to 1265 GeV are excluded. For a baryonic Z' model, with m(DM) = 1 GeV, Z' masses up to 615 GeV are excluded. Results are also presented for the spin-independent cross section for the dark matter-nucleon interaction as a function of the mass of the dark matter particle. This is the first search for dark matter particles produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to two tau leptons.</P>

Towards automatic EEG cyclic alternating pattern analysis: a systematic review analysis: a systematic review

Fábio Mendonça,Sheikh Shanawaz Mostafa,Fernando Morgado-Dias,Antonio G. Ravelo-García,Ivana Rosenzweig 대한의용생체공학회 2023 Biomedical Engineering Letters (BMEL) Vol.13 No.3

This study conducted a systematic review to determine the feasibility of automatic Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP)analysis. Specifically, this review followed the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA) guidelines to address the formulated research question: is automatic CAP analysis viable for clinical application?From the identified 1,280 articles, the review included 35 studies that proposed various methods for examining CAP,including the classification of A phase, their subtypes, or the CAP cycles. Three main trends were observed over timeregarding A phase classification, starting with mathematical models or features classified with a tuned threshold, followedby using conventional machine learning models and, recently, deep learning models. Regarding the CAP cycle detection,it was observed that most studies employed a finite state machine to implement the CAP scoring rules, which depended onan initial A phase classifier, stressing the importance of developing suitable A phase detection models. The assessment ofA-phase subtypes has proven challenging due to various approaches used in the state-of-the-art for their detection, rangingfrom multiclass models to creating a model for each subtype. The review provided a positive answer to the main researchquestion, concluding that automatic CAP analysis can be reliably performed. The main recommended research agendainvolves validating the proposed methodologies on larger datasets, including more subjects with sleep-related disorders,and providing the source code for independent confirmation.