1998년과 2007년 사이 12∼13세 남녀 청소년의 체격, 골격성숙도, 체력 비교

송종국(Jong Kook Song),채서연(Seo Yeon Chae),채주희(Joo Hee Chae),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim),강효정(Hyo Jung Kang) 한국사회체육학회 2008 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.34

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare physique, skeletal maturation and physical fitness in Korean adolescents measured between 1998 and 2007. Subjects participated in the study were a total of 473 Korean adolescents aged 12 to 13 years. In 1998, 349 adolescents were selected from a middle school, located in Sungnam city and 124 middle school students aged 12-13, located in Yongin city were participated in 2007. All measurements were conducted by one of the reseachers (Jong-Kook Song) with two different group of investigators between 1998 and 2007. Anthropometric characteristics were body mass, body height, sitting height, circumferences taken at sites of upper arm, flexed upper arm, chest, waist, hip, thigh, and calf, bone breadth taken at the sites of humerus, and femur, skinfold thicknesses taken at the sites of triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, thigh and medial calf. Skeletal maturity was assessed by TW3 (Tanner et al., 2001). Maturity scores for Radius-Ulna-Short bones (RUS) and bone age were calculated. Physical fitness parameters included flamingo balance, sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, standing long jump, bent arm hang, 50m shuttle run and multi-stage shuttle run. All data were analyzed by SAS Enterprise 3.0. Means and standard deviations were calculated by descriptive statistics. Independent t-test was applied to compare dependent variables between measurements. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results of the study showed that male adolescents aged 12-13years in 2007 had significantly higher (p<0.0001) femur diameter than adolescents in 1998. Male adolescents in 2007 had higher (p<0.05) chest, waist and calf circumferences than those of adolescents in 1998. Although no difference were found for RUS and bone age in males adolescents between 1998 and 2007 female adolescents in 2007 were significantly delayed for their skeletal maturity level compared to female adolescents in 1998. For physical fitness parameters male adolescents aged 12 years in 2007 performed better for flamingo balance (p<0.01), and 50m shuttle run (p<0.05) than those of adolescents in 1998. However, stand long jump and bent arm hang were significantly decreased in male adolescents in 2007. Female adolescents aged 12-13 years in 2007 had significantly higher flamingo balance, but female adolescents aged 12 years in 2007 performed significantly less for standing long jump (p<0.0001), bent arm hang (p<0.001) and speed (p<0.05) than those of female adolescents in 1998. In conclusions this study suggest that chest circumference for both male and female adolescents in 2007 was significantly higher than those in 1998. Skeletal maturity for female adolescents in 2007 were significantly delayed compared to female adolescents in 1998. Further study is needed to evaluate consistent various.

남녀 대학 태권도선수의 신체구성, 유,무산소능력과 등속성 근기능에 관한 연구

송종국(Jong Kook Song),정현철(Hyun Chul Jung),강효정(Hyo Jung Kang),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2010 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.40

The purpose of the study was to analyze the gender-related differences of body composition, aerobic, anaerobic capacity and isokinetic muscle strength in collegiate Taekwondo athletes. Twenty athletes (male=10, female=10) were participated in the study. Body composition parameters were assessed by DXA (Hologic, QDR-4500W, USA). Maximal oxygen uptake, ventilatoty threshold, Wingate anaerobic power, isokinetic muscle strength were tested. The results of the study indicated that LBM, LBM+BMC, WBMC, FBMC, ABMC, WBMD in male athletes were significantly greater than female athletes (p<.05, p<.001). Percent body fat and fat tissue in male athletes were significantly lower that those of female athletes (p<.001). Male athletes had higher VO2max, VEmax and exercise duration than female athletes (p<.001). But no differences could be obtained in Ventilatory threshold and HRmax between two group. Peak power, lowest power and mean power was higher in male athletes than female athletes (p<.001). Fatigue index in male athletes was lower than female athletes (p<.05). Muscle strength(60%/sec) and muscle endurance(180%/sec) showed that male athletes had a greater power in extension and flexion than female athletes. In conclusion, these results suggested that gender differences exist on body composition. Male Taekwondo athletes has great aerobic anaerobic capacity and muscle strength than female athletes. Therefore, gender difference should be taken to account before establishing physical training program. Especially more emphasis should be focused on female athletes in order to improve aerobic and anaerobic capacity and isokinetic muscle strength.

12주간의 태권도 품새 수련이 남자청소년의 신체구성, 건강관련체력과 식이섭취량에 미치는 영향

송종국 ( Jong Kook Song ),김현배 ( Hyun Bae Kim ),강효정 ( Hyo Jung Kang ),정현철 ( Hyun Chul Jung ) 국기원 2013 국기원태권도연구 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 12주간의 태권도 품새 훈련이 남자 청소년의 신체구성, 건강관련체력과 식이섭취에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이었다. 연구대상자는 13-14세 남자 중학교 청소년 19명이었다(훈련군 12명, 통제군 7명). 12주 품새 훈련 전 후 신장과 체중을 측정하였고, RUS점수와 뼈 나이는 TW3방법을 적용하여 평가하였다. 신체구성은 DXA를 이용하여 측정하였고, 건강관련 체력을 평가하였다. 식이섭취량은 3-day 회상법을 적용하여 평가하였다. 연구결과 신장과 체중은 두 그룹 모두에서 태권도 훈련 전후 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 보였고, 훈련군의 뼈 나이(14.9±0.62세)는 실제나이(13.9±0.46세)와 비교하여 매우 조숙한 것으로 나타났다. 신체구성평가결과 제지방조직(F=9.65, p<0.01)과 제지방조직+뼈무기질량(F=19.59, p<0.05)에서만 그룹간 훈련 전 후 통계적으로 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 12주간의 태권도 품새 훈련은 남자청소년들의 신체구성, 건강관련체력과 식이섭취량에 크게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 태권도 품새 훈련이 청소년들의 종속변인에 영향을 미치기 위해서는 12주 이상의 장기간 동안 최대심박수 70% 이상의 강도로 훈련을 실행해야 할 것으로 사료 된다. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of 12 weeks Taekwondo Poomsae training on body composition, health-related fitness and dietary intake in male adolescents. Subjects consisted of 19 male adolescents(training group: 12, control group: 7) aged 13-14 years. Body height(BH) and weight(BW) were measured and skeletal maturity was assessed by TW3. Body composition parameters were estimated by DXA. Health related fitness were measured. The results show that there were significant increase for BH and BW between pre and post-test in both group. Bone age for TG was significantly advanced compared to chronological age, but CG had similar bone age compared to chronological age. Significant interaction effect could be observed for fat-free mass(F=9.65, p<0.01). No difference could be obtained for all health-related fitness parameters As a result of the study, it can be suggested that 12 weeks Taekwondo Poomsae training not influence to the body composition, health-related fitness and dietary intake in male adolescents. Further study should be done on Taekwondo Poomsae training with over 70% HR exercise intensity for adolescents.

초등학교 남녀 어린이들의 6년간 신체구성과 체력 변화의 종단연구

송종국 ( Jong Kook Song ),채주희 ( Joo Hee Chai ),강효정 ( Hyo Jung Kang ),정현철 ( Hyun Chul Jung ),서명원 ( Myoung Won Seo ),김민형 ( Min Hyung Kim ),김현배 ( Hyun Bae Kim ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2014 체육과학연구 Vol.25 No.4

이 연구는 초등학교 1학년 7세에서부터 6학년 12세까지 6년 동안 남녀 어린이들의 신체구성과 체력의 변화와 성별 차이를 규명하기 위해서 실행되었다. 연구대상자는 2007년 초등학교 1학년에 재학 중인 7세 남자어린이 18명과 여자 어린이 19명을 포함 총 37명이었다. 연구시작에서부터 6년 동안 매년 5월 동일한 방법과 순서로 측정이 이루어졌고, 체격과 골격성숙도를 측정하였고, 신체구성요소는 DXA를 이용하여 측정하였다. 체력 측정은 외발서기, 판 두드리기, 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기, 제자리멀리뛰기, 악력, 윗몸일으키기, 오래매달리기, 50 m 왕복달리기, PACER이었다. 남녀 어린이들의 신장(p<.01), 엉덩이둘레(p<.001), 위팔뒤 피하지방(p<.01), 허리뼈 위 피하지방(p<.01), 넙다리 중앙 피하지방(p<.001), 종아리 중아 피하지방(p<.001)에서는 성별, 측정시기에 따른 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 피하지방을 제외한 체격요인은 남녀 공히 6년 동안 꾸준히 증가하였다. 체지방률과 골밀도는 성별, 시기에 따른 통계적으로 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 제지방조직, 뼈무기질량과 골밀도는 남녀 모두 6년 동안 꾸준히 증가하였다. 남녀 어린이의 RUS 점수는 성별, 시기별 상호작용효과와 주효과에서 모두 유의하였다. 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기(p<.001), 제자리멀리뛰기(p<.01), 윗몸일으키기(p<.05)에서는 성별, 연령별 유의한 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 여자어린이들은 외발서기(9세와 10세)와 앉아서 윗몸 앞으로 굽히기(10세, 11세, 12세)에서 남자보다 우수한 성적을 보였고, 윗몸일으키기(12세)에서는 남자가 여자보다 우수하였다. 결론적으로 남녀 어린이의 체지방율과 지방조직은 11세까지 증가한 후 감소하였고, 제지방조직과 골밀도는 12세까지 증가하였다. 체력요인에서는 유연성, 순발력, 근지구력 요인이 성별, 연령에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. The aim of the study was to examine the tracking of body composition and physical fitness in boys and girls for 6 years. Thirty-seven boys and girls participated throughout the study. All measurements were performed annually. Body height, body weight, circumferences and skinfold thicknesses were measured and skeletal maturity was assessed. Body composition and bone mineral density were measured by DXA. Nine physical fitness tests were administered. Results of the study showed that there are significant interaction effects of time and group for body height(p<.01), waist circumference(p<.001), and skinfolds at triceps(p<.01), suprailiac(p<.01), thigh(p<.001) and medial calf(p<.01). All anthorpometric variables except skinfold thickness increased during the study period. Significant interaction effects of time and group were found for percent body fat(p<.05) and bone mineral density(p<.01). Percent body fat and fat tissue increased in boys from 7 to 11 years, then decreased in 12 years. Lean tissue(p<.001), bone mineral content(p<.001) and bone mineral density(p<.001) increased both in boys and girls throughout the study. There were significant interaction effect of time and group on sit and reach, standing long jump and sit-ups. In conclusion, percent body fat and fat tissue increased until 11 years, lean tissue and bone mineral density increased throughout the study both in boys and girls.

태권도 수련이 7-10세 어린이의 골격성숙도, 신체구성, 식이섭취와 체력에 미치는 영향

송종국 ( Jong Kook Song ),김현배 ( Hyun Bae Kim ),손원일 ( Won Il Son ) 한국운동영양학회 2004 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.8 No.3

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of Taekwondo training on skeletal maturity, body composition, dietary intake and physical fitness in boys aged 7-10 years. Subjects consist of 320 boys including t60 for taekwondo group and 160 for non-taekwondo group aged 7-10 years. Anthropometric characteristics included body weight, height, sitting height, 2 bone widths, 8 circumferences, and 5 skinfold thicknesses. Skeletal maturation was assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse Ⅱ method. Skeletal age was determined by RUS scores (radius, ulna, and short bones). The three somatotype components were calculated by Carter-Heath anthropometric method. Body composition parameters were analyzed by Bioetectrical Impedance Analysis (Inbody 3.0). Dietary intake was evaluated from three randomly assigned days of diet records, including one weekend day and two weekdays. All subjects completed a three day diet record. From these records, average daily intakes of the nutrients were estimated using Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Physical fitness included flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, long jump, shuttle run 50 in, bent arm hang, and endurance run. All statistical analysis were carried out by the SAS computer programs. There were significant differences (p<0.01) for RUS score and Skeletal age between age groups within group. The results indicated that significant difference could be observed for endomorphy and ectomorphy between TKD and Non-TKD groups. TKD group (2.7) was significantly lower (p<0.01) for endomorphy than Non-TKD group (3.6). On the contrary, significant (p<0.05) higher ectomorphy was found in TKD group (2.8) compared to non-TKD group (2.2). For body composition variables there were significant differences for %fat and body mass index between TKD and Non-TKD groups. Percent body fat and body mass index were significantly lower in TKD group (18.5%, 16.7 kg/m) than those of Non-TKD group (21.6%, 17.7 kg/m²). For physical fitness parameters significant difference could be obtained for flamingo balance (p<0.001), long distance jump (p<0.03), bent arm hang (p<0.01) and endurance run (p<0.03). TKD group showed better results for these variables compared to Non-TKD group. As a result of the study, it can be suggested that taekwondo performed during childhood is not only positively related to the three somatotype components and body composition but can also improve the level of physical fitness.

대학 여자축구선수의 신체구성, 체력과 등속성 근기능에 관한 추적 연구

송종국(Jong Kook Song),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2008 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.33

대학 여자운동선수들의 고강도 훈련이 유산소능력, 골밀도와 혈중철분지표에 미치는 영향

송종국(Jong Kook Song),채주희(Joo Hee Chai),김현배(Hyun Bae Kim) 한국사회체육학회 2007 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.30

The purpose of the study was to evaluate differences of aerobic capacity, bone mineral density and hematological parameters for collegiate female athletes. The sample of the study consisted of 44 collegiate female athletes (13 for field hockey, 12 for soccer, and 19 for taekwondo). Each subject was currently training for competition. Body composition parameters and bone mineral density were measured by DXA (Hologic, QDR-4500, USA). Physical fitness tests included flamingo balance, plate tapping, sit and reach, grip strength, sit-ups, long distance jump, bent arm hang, 50m shuttle run and multi-stage shuttle. Maximal heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption during incremental treadmill exercise by a Bruce protocol. Blood samples were drawn in the morning after a 12-h fast and were spun at 3000rpm for 5min. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were analyzed by automated instrumentation. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity were determined by auto-analyzer and transferrin saturation was calculated by dividing serum iron concentration by TIBC. All statistical analysis were carried out by the SAS computer programs. Means and standard deviations for all variables were calculated by descriptive statistics. Comparison between groups was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Duncan`s a posteriori tests. The significance level was accepted at p<0.05. The results showed that significant difference(F=3.75, p<0.03) for percent body fat between groups. Taekwondo(TKD) athletes has significant lower percent body fat (21.5%) than field hockey athletes (24.4%). For physical fitness parameters soccer athletes had the lowest value for flamingo balance than those of two groups. Also soccer athletes performed best for sit & reach (25.1cm), and bent arm hang (16.7sec) compared to other two groups. Significant differences could be observed for HRmax (p<0.001) and VO2max (p<0.05) between groups. Soccer athletes (199.3, 48.6ml) had higher HRmax and VO2max than those of two groups (170.7 taekwondo, and 176.8 field hockey). Significant difference were found for bone mineral density taken at the sites of lumbar spine (p<0.05), forearm (p<0.001), proximal femur (p<0.001) and whole body (p<0.001) among groups. In general, significantly higher mean values of bone density at the site of lumbar spine (0.94g/cm2), forearm (0.55g/cm2), proximal femur (1.04g/cm2), and whole body (1.14g/cm2) were found for TKD athletes compared to control group (0.79g/cm2, 0.46g/cm2, 0.84g/cm2, 0.99g/cm2). Although no significant difference could be obtained for most hematological parameters, only significant difference (p<0.001) were found for MCV and MCH. In conclusion, significant difference between collegiate female athletes were found for physique, percent body fat, physical fitness, aerobic capacity. Soccer athletes had a lower percent body fat and better performance for balance, flexibility and muscular endurance and higher HRmax and VO2max than those of other groups. In conclusion, taekwondo training has a positive effect on physical fitness and bone mineral density in male adolescents. Further study is needed to estimate the effect of long term TKD training on body composition based on exercise intensity, and duration of training.

태권도 수련이 남자 청소년의 신체구성, 체력 및 골밀도에 미치는 영향

송종국 ( Jong Kook Song ),서용훈 ( Yong Hun Seo ),김현배 ( Hyun Bae Kim ),박수연 ( Soo Yeon Park ) 한국운동영양학회 2005 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.9 No.2

성장기 어린이들의 뼈대성숙도와 신체구성의 관계

송종국(Jong-Kook Song),유승희(Seung-Hee Yoo),정낙희(Nak-Hee Jung) 대한체질인류학회 2001 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.14 No.3

본 연구 목적은 9-12세 남자 어린이의 뼈대성숙도를 평가하고, 뼈대성숙도별 신체구성변인의 차이점을 평가하는 것이다. 연구대상자는 경기도 성남시에 소재한 1개 초등학교에서 4-6학년에 재학 중인 9-12시 1 남자 어린이 총 258명을 집단 무선 표집 방법으로 추출하였다 체격은 몸무게, 키, 앉은키, 뼈너비 (위팔뼈아래끝너비, 넙다리뼈아래끝너비), 근육부위 둘레 (가슴둘레, 위팔둘레, 굽힌위팔둘레, 허리플레, 엉덩이둘레, 넓적다리둘레, 종아리둘레 ), 피부밑지방 (위팔 뒷부분, 어깨뼈 아래부분, 엉덩뼈능선 윗부분, 넓석다리 부위, 종아리 중간부위)을 계측하였다. 뼈대성숙은 TW2 방법을 이용하여 왼손과 손목을 방사선 촬영 후 RUS, Carpals, TW2-20 정수를 산출하였고 ,RUS 접수를 근거로 뼈나이를 산출하였다. 신체구성 연인은 BlA-31O을 이용하여 체지방율, 체지방량, 제지망량, 총수분량을 평가하였고 , 신체부위별 체지방 분포도 지수인 WHR(waist/hip), WTR(waistlthigh)을 산출하였다. 자료의 통제처리는 PC-SAS 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 평균과 표준절차를 계산하였고, 뼈대성숙도별 조숙, 보통, 미숙군 세 그룹의 신체구성 차이를 평가하기 위하여 일원변량분석 (One-way ANOVA)을 적용하였고, 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타날 경우 Duncan ’ s Multiple Range Test 사후검증을 하였다 모든 통제치의 유의수준은 P<0.05 성정하여 검증하였다. RUS 평균은 9세 298.2±75.6, 1세 331.6±120.2, 11세 369.8±97.0, 12세 482.6±148.2 이였으며, Carpals 평균은 9세 633.6±166.9, 10세 723.4±134.9, 11세 804.7±128.7, 12 세 927.7土77.5정이였고, TW2-20 평균은 9세 569.2±126.7, 10세 628.8±126.7, 11세 701.8±120.9, 12세 829.2±101.1 이였다. 연령별 뼈나이는 9세 9.7±1.9, 10세 10.5±2.3,11세 11.7±2.0,12A11 13.6±1.5로 실제나이보다 뼈나이가 높게 나타났다. 뼈대성숙도에 따라 신체구성의 차이를 형가하기 위하여 대상자들의 성숙수준에 따라 세 그룹으로 분류하였다 미숙군: 25 percentile 미만, 보통군 25~75 percentile 사이, 조숙군 75 percentile 이상 12세의 경우 뼈대성숙 수준별로 신체구성 변인에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 9세, 10세, 11세에서는 그룹별 유의한 차이가 있었다. 9세의 경우 BMl에 있어서 세 그룹의 평균은 조숙군 21.23土5.12kg/m², 보통군 18.05±2.69 kg/m², 미숙군 17.74± 2.84 kg/m² 순으로, 조숙군은 미숙군과 보통문에 비해 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높게 나타났다 WHR 은 조숙군 0.88±om, 보통군 0.84±0.04, 미숙군 0.S2±0.03 순으로 나타났고, WTR 은 조숙문 1.47±t0.l0, 보통군 1.43±0.06, 미숙군 1.40±0.06 순으로 모두 미숙군과 보풍군, 보통군과 조숙군간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 미숙군과 조숙군간에는 유의한 차이 (P<0.05)를 보였다

New Paradigms of Sport & physical Education in the 21st Century PROCEEDINGS 1 / 6 . Sport Physiology ( Baekhap Rm. ) : 청소년들의 생물학적 성숙과 신체구성

송종국(Jong Kook Song),유승희(Seung Hee Yoo),윤형기(Hyung Ki Yoon),김복현(Bok Hyun Kim) 한국체육학회 2000 The 2000 Seoul International Sport Science Congres Vol.- No.-