Effect of Acupuncture on the Expressions of Neuropeptide Y and Leptin Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Food-deprived Rats

김미아,정우상,문상관,김영석,김창주,조기호,Kim, Mi-A,Jung, Woo-Sang,Moon, Sang-Kwan,Kim, Young-Suk,Kim, Chang-Ju,Cho, Ki-Ho The Society of Internal Korean Medicine 2013 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

목 적 : 본 연구에서는 침치료가 비만치료의 주요방법인 식욕억제에 효과적인지 알아보기 위하여 굶긴 쥐 시상하부에서 NPY와 LR의 발현 변화를 실험을 통하여 연구하였다. 방 법 : 생후 6주 Sprague-Dawley rats를 한 군에 다섯 마리씩 배정하여 대조군-무치료, 대조군-이침치료, 대조군-족삼리치료, 대조군-임의혈치료, 실험군-무치료, 실험군-이침치료, 실험군-족삼리치료, 실험군-임의혈치료의 8군으로 분류하여 실험하였다. 실험군은 3일간 물만 공급하고 사료를 금식시켰고, 침자극은 하루 2회 3일간 시행하였다. 침은 직경 0.3 mm 이었고, 양측혈을 사용하였고, 2-4 mm 깊이로 자입 하였으며, 20분 유침하였다. 3일 후 pentobarbital로 마취하여 사망시켰고, 4% paraformaldehyde로 조직을 고정한 후 뇌조직을 관상으로 $40{\mu}m$두께로 잘랐다. 식욕조절중후인 시상하부의 paraventricular nucleus(PVN)에서 NPY와 LR의 발현을 면역조직법으로 보았다. 결 과 : 굶기지 않은 대조군에 비하여 굶긴 실험군에서 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 증가와 LR 감소가 나타났다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 시상하부 PVN 에서 NPY의 감소가 나타났으며, 이침이 타침 자침에 비하여 NPY의 감소를 더욱 크게 나타냈다. 굶기지 않은 정상상태에서 이침, 족삼리, 임의혈 자침시 NPY의 증가가 있었으며 이는 자침에 의한 스트레스로 인한 것으로 보여진다. 굶긴 실험군에 이침 자침 시에만 시상하부 PVN에서 LR의 증가가 있었으며 정상상태에서 자침시 LR 발현의 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 연구결과로서 이침치료가 식욕을 억제하는데 가장 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives : This study aimed to find out whether acupuncture at various acupoints shows any effects on appetite by regulating neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus through the expression of NPY and LR in the PVN via immunohistochemistry. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups of five mice each. The rats in the acupuncture groups were treated with acupuncture at respective acupoints, twice per a day for 3 days. The animals were sacrificed 72 h after commencement of the experiment, the brains being dissected into serial coronal sections. Expressions of neuropeptide Y and leptin receptor in the hypothalamus were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results : NPY expression in the PVN was enhanced and LR expression in the PVN was decreased by food deprivation. NPY immunoreactivity in the PVN of the food-derived rats was decreased by acupuncture at the auricular acupoint, Zusanli-acupoint, a and non-acupoint. However, acupuncture at the auricular acupoint showed most potent suppressing effect on NPY expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. LR expression in the PVN decreased following food deprivation, and auricular acupuncture increased LR expression in the PVN of food-deprived rats. In normal conditions (fed state), LR expression in the PVN was not changed by acupuncture treatment at several sites. Conclusions : From this study, we have shown that acupuncture at the auricular acupoint exerts the most potent appetite suppressing effect on the food restriction state.

외국인직접투자의 경제적 효과

김미아(Mi Ah Kim) 한국유럽학회 2006 유럽연구 Vol.23 No.-

본 연구에서는 외국인 직접투자(FDI)가 투자유치국 경제에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는가를 파악하기 위하여 중부유럽 국가를 대상으로 실증분석을 시도하였다. 중부유럽 제국 10개국에 대한 횡단면 자료와 1994년부터 2004년까지 11개년도의 시계열 자료로 구성된 패널자료를 사용하여 FDI가 무역과 경제성장에 미치는 효과를 분석한 결과 중부유럽에 대한 FDI 유입은 수출과 수입을 모두 증대시킴으로써 무역지향적인 것으로 나타났으며 수출증대 효과보다는 수입증대 효과가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 FDI 유입은 이 지역의 경제성장에 긍정적인 기여를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났는데, 경제성장에 가장 큰 기여를 한 것은 국내투자로서 국내투자의 경제성장에 대한 영향력이 매우 높게 나타났으며 노동투입과 수출도 이 지역의 경제성장에 있어서 중요한 요인으로 나타났다. The relationship between Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) and economic growth has been fully analysed in many empirical papers. Primary attention has been given to the beneficial effects of FDI on exports and economic performance. Nevertheless, the results of empirical studies on relation between FDI and economic growth are rather mixed. Although some studies reveal a positive impact of inward FDI on economic growth, others have seriously questioned the significance of this result. The present paper explores the impact of inward FDI on trade and economic growth in Central europe. We use a panel of 11 annual observations(1994-2004) over 10 Central European Countries. The main empirical findings are as follows. First, our results support the hypothesis of the positive relationship between inward FDI and trade performance. However, due to the concentration of FDI in trade and finance, FDI contributed more to imports than to exports of Central European countries. Second, inward FDI appears to have a positive impact on economic growth of Central European countries, even after the impact of domestic investment and employment. Our results highlight the importance of the host country`s export orientation for the specific effect of FDI on economic growth. To sum up, FDI has a important role on growth in host countries when FDI is interacted with export orientation.

가부장적 가족 담론의 부조리-토니 모리슨의 『낙원』

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학21 Vol.24 No.2

This paper aims to re-think the absurdity of the discourse of patriarchal family system in Toni Morrison`s Paradise. Toni Morrison`s Paradise portrays the history of Ruby, the all-black town which tries to keep their blood purity, and the Convent women`s lives who are denied by family-oriented society. Morrison`s description of Ruby illustrates the negative implications of American exceptionalism, black nationalism, and racial purity, which constituted major American ideologies. Morrison`s novel focuses on the unavoidable exclusiveness of American ideologies in Ruby by showing that Ruby rejects those who cannot fit in the rule of the town. Morrison also pinpoints the exceptionalistic discourse of black nationalism through the collapse of Ruby and criticizes the negative aspects of black nationalism which should have avoided the kind of injustice inflicted on by the Whites. In addition, she radically exposes the absurdity of pursing racial purity by highlighting its illusion. In short, Morrison criticizes the family, which is seen to symbolize emotional comfort and safety by the men of Ruby, is in fact a politically suppressive unit for its women. Therefore, if we view that Ruby represents American society and also African American society, Paradise`s main there would be that a paradise cannot be achieved unless both exceptionalistic racist discourses and patriarchal family systems disappear. Morrison`s critique of patriarchal family is also illustrated in the lives of the Convent women. Whereas the lives of Ruby women expose the absurd idealism of patriarchal family system, the lives of the Convent women illustrates the trauma of the suffering women who have been ostracized from patriarchal family-oriented society. However, Morrison also implies that these women cannot really escape from the family system but adapt themselves to a new patriarchal and oppressive relationship in the Convent. Ultimately, this failure to obtain comfort in the Convent emphasizes that women cannot be healed and empowered unless they refuse patriarchal family relationship and have an alternative community which suggests new relationship.

"모성" 연구 -『음향과 분노』의 컴슨 가족을 중심으로

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 21세기영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학21 Vol.23 No.2

This paper aims to re-think `motherhood` as the ground to build up haman being`s universal identity. In The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner shows the collapse of the traditional southern society through the Compson Family which falls to the tragedy caused by the absence of maternal love. A mother in the family is usually the creator of her children`s world and exercises significant effects upon their attitude and interaction with the world. After all, a mother is a main prop of a family and society. But Mrs. Compson, the mother of the Compson Family, rejects her maternal role and withholds her love from her children. She is troubled with the discrepancy between her distorted image of the Southern lady and her reality and isolates herself from the outside world. Consequently, she damages her children`s character and ruins their lives. Mrs. Compson`s four children were spoiled and hurted by the desolation of their mother`s motherhood: the idiot Benjy is sent to the mental hospital filled with despair caused by a lack of love, Quentin commits suicide who feels abandoned and refused by his mother and tries to impose the ideal of motherhood upon his sister Caddy, and Jason becomes selfish and inhumane, expeling the warmth of his home due to his mother`s abnormal preference for him. Faulkner who always tried hard to get the answer about the question looking for the truth of literature and life constantly focused on researching the family. His affection of the family is connected to the interest in mothers and motherhood. Through The Sound and the Fury, Faulkner, eventually, tells the truth in human life, the importance of love, especially mother`s Love.

탐진강 수질측정 지점 간 동질성 검정을 위한 비모수적 자료 분석

김미아 ( Mi Ah Kim ),이수웅 ( Su Woong Lee ),이재관 ( Jae Kwan Lee ),이정섭 ( Jung Sub Lee ) 한국물환경학회 2005 한국물환경학회지 Vol.21 No.6

“합”의 정체성에 이르게 하는 흑인음악, 블루스의 재고찰 -Ralph Ellison의 『보이지 않는 인간』을 중심으로-

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.2

It is said that Ralph Ellison is the writer who seeks for artistic universality through his works more than any other African-American writer. Until Ellison, African-American writers` works tended to be devalued for a lot of reasons. For instance, their works were seen as simple outbursts of their persecution, distortion and repression in the reality of life. The critics sharply pinpointed the lack of artistry in their works. It was the very Ralph Ellison who caused a huge turning point for the evaluation of African-American writers, in that the writers were finally and appropriately seen as real literary men. The speaker in Ellison`s novel, Invisible Man, has constant trials and errors until he can build up his own identity in the invisible world of reality. In this work, the protagonist`s confrontation to invisibility in reality is developed by experiencing the blues tradition and spirit. The blues leads him to overcome his negative and limited reality. Ellison emphasizes that folk traditions, especially the blues, are art forms which help African-Americans survive and keep their courage and vision. Through the power of their traditions, they can transcend the agony of life by squeezing tragicomic lyricism from painful experiences. In the end, Ellison insists that self-discovery is the way to recover the human possibility refused by others, and that the firm recognition of freedom comes from affirming oneself as a human existence in reality. (Jeonju University)

상생의 미학: 토니 모리슨의 『술라』

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 현대문학이론학회 2013 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.52

토니 모리슨(Toni Morrison)의 두 번째 작품인 『술라(Sula)』(1973)는 흑인 공동체와 흑인 여성의 삶에 대한 이야기를 다루고 있다. 이 작품은 두 여성 인물 술라(Sula)와 넬(Nel)의 우정이 중심 줄거리를 이루고 있지만, 작가는 그들의 우정의 형성과 성장에 미치는 흑인 어머니의 영향을 강조하고 있다. 모리슨은 백인과는 다른 흑인 여성들의 모성과 그에 영향을 받은 여성들의 자아형성 과정에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 즉, 가족 단위의 생활조차 영위할 수 없었던 노예제도로 조상의 뿌리를 잃은 흑인들은 어머니들을 중심으로 하는 모성에 관심을 가진 것이다. 이 작품에서 흑인 어머니들이 가지게 되는 다양한 모성들에 주목하고, 그 흑인 여성의 모성은 모녀관계의 성격을 결정하는 방식, 나아가 다음 세대의 여성들의 자아 추구에 영향을 미치는 과정을 관찰하고 묘사하고자 한다. 서로 다른 가정에서 자란 주인공 술라와 넬의 자아 형성은 다른 양상으로 나타난다. 모성을 통해 술라는 할머니 에바와 어머니 헬렌의 영향을 받고 자신만의 진정한 자아 형성 과정 중 부정적, 파괴적 삶을 살며 억압에서 자유를 찾고자 한다. 그러나 넬은 전통적인 사회의 규범들을 답습하는 수동적이고 무기력한 자아를 형성하게 된다. 본고는 『술라』에서 흑인 공동체의 어머니라는 여성에 주목하고, 모성이 공동체내부의 다른 여성들의 자아 형성 과정에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 흑인 어머니의 모성 표출 양상을 살펴보고, 모성 표출 양상에 따라 딸들이 어떻게 자아를 형성해 나가는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 더불어 모성을 통한 넬과 술라의 자아 형성의 차이점과 관계성을 탐구해 봄으로써 토니 모리슨이 전하고자 한 흑인사회에서 또한 미국사회에서, 더 나아가 현 사회에서의 모성의 역할과 그것의 회복, 그리고 자아형성을 통한 공동체 구현의 희망을 상생이라는 큰 틀로 제시하고자 한다. This paper aims to examine the process of restoration of the protagonists`, Sula and Nel, with unstable egos which are originated from distorted motherhood` in African American society through Toni Morrison`s second novel, Sula. Morrison insists that African American women`s motherhood plays a significant role in building up their descendents especially women`s identities, Morrison deepens the processes of her argument by tearing down the stereotype of the community, Bottom about what women have to be like. Sula who had a big influence from her mother and grandmother, Hannah and Eva is prone to be resistant and liberal against the community. Nel was her another ego when they were young. After marriage, Nel is not her own being. Sula having a challengeable and liberal ego is recognized as a risky existence to the community. But at the same time, she becomes to be the catalyst to bring the change to the society. The community isolates her and threatens her. She eventually passes away, but her death caused a huge change to the community especially Nel. Sula helps Nel sprout her own identity as a complete human being. Likewise, Morrison pursues a new vision free from issues of race and gender by subverting traditional and racial or gender-prejudiced ideas of top and bottom, male an female, moral and immoral, good and evil, life and death, individual and community, and presence and absence in Sula. In the long run, Morrison is sowing the seed of change and restoration through Sula`s death.

한국의 대 아시아 투자가 무역에 미친 효과

김미아(Mi-Ah Kim) 한국무역연구원 2018 무역연구 Vol.14 No.4

This paper focuses on the effect of Korea’s outward FDI on trade flows in Asian countries. Using cross-country time series data for the period 1992-2016, we analyze by panel estimation the trade effects of Korea’s outward FDI. Particularly, we investigate whether outward FDI and trade flows are complements or substitutes. Major empirical findings are as follows. First, outward FDI to Asian countries plays a positive role in increasing Korea’s trade flows, supporting the hypothesis that outward FDI and home country trade are complements. Our finding indicates that outward FDI to Asian countries may help promote Korea’s export and import flows. This results are consistent to the vertical FDI model in which home country exports intermediate goods to host country and imports finished goods from host country. Second, upon estimating the influence of GDP on trade flows, we find that there is a positive relationship between GDP and trade flows, implying that Korea’s trade flows with Asian countries increase as market size get larger. Finally, our study offers some policy implications: 1) The governments should continue to support outward FDI to Asian countries. 2) It would be pertinent to build virtuous relationship of outward FDI and exports for sustainable growth of korea’s exports.

『가장 푸른 눈』을 통한 모리슨의 서술기법 재고찰

김미아 ( Mi A Kim ) 현대문학이론학회 2011 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.45

모리슨은 오랫동안 흑인문화와 백인문화의 가치충동사이에서 흑인들이 "어떻게 온전히 살아남을 수 있을까"라는 생존 전략에 대해서 깊은 관심을 가져왔다. 모리슨의 이러한 태도는 탈식민주의적 시각에서 볼 때 식민지 이전의 자국의 문화와 언어회복이 불가능하다는 것을 인정하면서 현재의 다문화적 리얼리티, 즉 현실상황을 수긍하는 ``통문화적 혼성성``을 인정한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그녀는 이 생존 전략에 대한 대답으로 긍정적인 것만을 제시하지 않고, 오히려 부정적인 것을 대비시킴으로써 긍정을 강조하는 효과를 취한다. 이 과정에서 모리슨도 다른 흑인 여성작가들처럼 여러 가지 다양한 서술기법들을 사용해 왔는데, 그 중에서도 가장 두드러진 것이 패러디와 그로테스크적 서술이다. 그녀는 흑인문학의 특징인 우화나 환상적 요소, 신화적인 전설 등을 작품의 소재로 선택하면서, 백인에 의해 왜곡되어졌던 흑인 사회의 역사적 사실들을 새롭게 조명하기 위한 방법으로 ``패러디``와 ``그로테스크``라는 방법을 채택한다. 패러디는 탈식민주의의 문학적 전략인 ``되받아쓰기``와 같은 맥락에서 이해될 수 있는 것으로, 역사를 재탐색함으로써 지배문화가 흑인들의 역사에 가했던 왜곡과 손상을 정정하려는 모리슨의 의도가 짙게 깔려있는 것이다. ``그로테스크``라는 용어의 기원은 로마문화의 초기 기독교 시대로까지 거슬러 올라가지만, 문학에서의 그로테스크는 셔우드 앤더슨(Sherwood Anderson)의 『와인즈 버그, 오하이오(Winesburg, Ohio)』라는 작품에서 가장 잘 설명되는데, 결국 그것은 인간의 내면적인 욕구가 억눌려짐으로써 고립되고 좌절된 인물들을 의미하는 것으로 설명된다. 『가장 푸른 눈』의 주인공들의 파멸되어져가는 내면의 모습들을 이러한 패러디와 그로테스크라는 기법을 이용하여 서술되고 있다. 결국 모리슨은 백인중심문화의 무비판적 수용으로 빚어진 흑인들의 좌절이란 주제를 내세움으로써 흑인들에게 악영향을 미치는 백인중심문화의 폭력성을 다시 한번 경고하고 있는 것이다. This paper aims to re-think Toni Morrison`s techniques in her novel, The Bluest Eye. In American society, black women have been held under a doubly subordinate relationship because they are not only black but women as well. So, black writers, including Toni Morrison, have come to have their unique characteristics is their techniques for the novel. First of all, unlike male writers who have been leading the black literature, they show their own themes, ``the resistance against racial discriminations`` through the lives of characters in their works instead of demonstrating it. This is why that with a view of women they have combined and researched their women`s problems with the process of self-recognition. And the problems they discuss are the things which result from mental damage that the black women come to experience growing up under the invisible double oppression of being black and a woman. These attitudes of the black women writer could be understood in the same point of view as the current of literature such as ``Post-Colonialism``. In showing the theme, like the other black women writers, Morrison has taken various techniques for her novel. The most outstanding technique is parody. She took a fable, a fantastic story or mythical legend as the subject matter for her novel. And then she parodied them in a new way to recognize the black history as distorted by the whites. The most well-parodied novel in her works in no doubt The Bluest Eye. In trying to find a new parody as a preface of the book, she wishes to show how far apart the ideal American family, which whites take pride in, is from the actual life of the blacks. Each of the Breedlove, the main character, thinks he himself is ugly. This state of their mind is caused not only by others` view but from self-anger, self-hatred that causes from their own inner mind. So, in order to represent these things Morrison shows us the family grotesquely. Therefore, it can be expected that the study of Toni Morrison`s techniques for novel that could be found and that is mentioned mainly by The Bluest Eye will be able to be a significant support in studying the works of Toni Morrison form now on.

동유럽제국의 외국인 직접투자와 경제성장

김미아 ( Mi Ah Kim ) 한국국제통상학회 2006 국제통상연구 Vol.11 No.2