Retraction: Saccharomyces cerevisiae와 Hanseniaspora uvarum 효모 혼합발효를 이용한 증류식 소주의 휘발성 향기성분 및 아미노산 함량 변화

최규택,박춘우,이수현,이예나,오지윤,최준수,최덕영,이새벽 한국식품저장유통학회 2024 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.31 No.1

한국식품저장유통학회지 30권 6호(2023년 12월 30일 발행), p 1029-1042에 게재된 “Changes in the volatile aromatic compounds and amino acid contents of distilled soju using co-fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora uvarum yeasts” 논문을 교신저자의 요청에 따라 철회합니다(최규택 등, 2023). 저자들은 본 논문의 유리 아미노산 실험에 오류가 있는 것을 발견하고 모든 저자의 동의를 얻어 자발적으로 논문의 게재를 철회합니다. 저자는 이로 인해 편집위원회와 독자들에게 불편을 끼쳐 드린 점에 대해 깊이 사과드립니다. In the published article “Changes in the volatile aromatic compounds and amino acid contents of distilled soju using co-fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora uvarum yeasts. Korean J Food Preserv, 30, 1029-1042” has been retracted upon request of the corresponding author (Choi et al., 2023). The authors found an error in the results of the free amino acid analysis, and voluntarily withdraw publication of this article with the consent of all authors. The authors deeply apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused to the editorial board and readers.

T-cain 을 이용한 척추마취

최규택,전재규 대한마취과학회 1989 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.22 No.5

T-cain has been used for spinal anesthesia as a substitute agent for tetracaine for many years in Korea. However, no clinical study has been made since its use was started in 1971. This study was primarily undertaken to assess the clinical effects of T-cain and to compare its effects with tetracaine and lidocaine. T-cain is directly derived from tetracaine by substituting a diethyl group for a dimethyl group in tetracaine and its clinical effects are known to be similar to the tetracaine except for the duration of action of the drug that is 1 and 1/2 times longer than tetracaine. We had 52 cases of spinal anesthesia using T-cain in various doses for various surgeries. The time from the injection of the drug to the complete motor recovery was measured by Bromage scale. The level of sensory blockade checked in the recovery room was variable and unpredictable, and the motor blockade was below the knee joint level in all the cases in spite of variable dosages. As larger doses were given, the longer the duration of the motor blockade was noticed. The use of T-cain for ordinary surgery seems to be inconvenient because of its longer duration of motor paralysis with patients discomfort in the recovery room.

뇌허혈전후 과혈당증이 가토 해면구내의 Glutamate, Glycine, Aspartate 농도에 미치는 영향

최규택 대한마취과학회 1994 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.27 No.2

Hyperglycemia has repeatedly been shown to exacerbate the neurologic injury produced by episodes of global cerebral ischemia. Under hypoxic conditions, glucose may be metabolized to glutamate, a known neurotoxin which has been implicated as a mediator of ischemic neumnal cell death. This study examined the effect of pre-existing hyperglycemia on the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and glycine in the rabbit hippocampus using in vivo microdialysis during brief episodes of transient global ischemia. Sixteen rabbits were anesthetized with halo- thane and mechanically ventilated with oxygen. Microdialysis probes were stereotacticly inserted into the dorsal hippocampus. Animals were randomized to receive an intravenous infusion of either saline or dextrose. The dextrose infusion rate was adjusted to produce a blood glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dl. Global cerebral ischemia (7.5 min duration) was then produced by the combination of neck tourniquet inflation and the induction of systemic hypotension. Dialystate was collected throughout the peri-ishemic period and analyzed by liquid chromato- graphy for glutamate, aspartate and glycine concentrations. There were no significant differences in physiologic variables among the groups with the exception of the intended increase in blood glucose concentrations in the dextrose-treated animals. Glutamate and glycine concentrations in the dialysate were similar between the three groups during the baseline period. Administration of dextmse had no effect on these levels. As anticipated, glutamate and glycine concentrations increased several fold during each of the ischemic periods when compared to baseline. However, hippocampal glutamate concentrations were lower in the dextrose treated groups during the peri-ischemic period (p=0,02). Glycine concentrations were higher during the reperfusion period in the dextrose-treated animals when compared with saline controls (p=0.03). Aspartate eoncentrations increased during the peri-ischemic period in the hyperglycemic group. However, there was not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that hyperglycemia does not exert its detrimental effects by the enhanced release or production of glutamate. It may be that with this short duration of ischemia, pre-existing hyperglycemia is able to provide additional substrate for metabolism and cellular homeostasis thereby attenuating the synaptic release of glutamate. The increased concentration of extracellular glycine which was observed in the dextrose-treated animals may contribute to the neurologic injury which occurs during episodes of global ischemia.

소아 미추마취에 사용된 Lidocaine 의 용량과 시간에 따른 혈중농도의 변화

최규택,전재규,김광인 대한마취과학회 1992 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.25 No.1

Caudal anesthesia appears to be a safe and reliable techniuqe for surgical anesthesia as well as an alternative to narcotics for postoperative analgesia for procedures below the umbilicus. The caudal anesthesia might be particularly helpful in infants and children to avoid repetitive injections of narcotics to control postoperative pain. Advantages of caudal anesthesia for pediatric surgery i.e. clearly defined anatomic landmarks, a simplicity of the technique and high success rate have been reported. However, it has not been popular in clinical practice due to several reasons. First of all, small children do not cooperate with technical procedures. Therfore, an additional measure to provide a cooperative state is needed, such as pentothal or ketamine injection, or general anesthesia induced beforehand. Secondly, there is no clear determination or unanimity in anesthetic dosage according to the patient's age or body weight. Lastly, clinical experience and reports have not been enough for clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether commonly accepted dosages used in infants produce blood levels within a safe range. This study was undertaken to measure changes of plasma concentration of lidocaine in patients with pediatric caudal anesthesia, and to check pain and motor scores and analgesic level at the recovery room. The time courses of the plasma concentration were observed in 29 healthty children(0.5-13 yr) to whom were caudally injected with 1% lidocaine mixed 1: 200,000 epinephrine(10 mg/kg). The plasma concentrations were measured by immunofluoresence assay at the intervals of l5, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The values of plasma concnetration were 1.67±0.41, 1.85±0.61, 1.73±0.46, 1.75±0.29mcg/ml(MEAN±SD). The peak plasma concentration was 1.85±0.61mcg/ml at 30 minutes. However, there no significant differences during the first hour. No data exceeded 5 mcg/ml which is plasma toxic level of lidocaine, nor children had an experience of toxic complications. When the pain and motor scores werked in the recovery room, most children had no pain and were not ahle to stand but movalble. Sensory levels were checked up to T9 which were suitable for lower abdominal and perineal surgery. These results indicate that the injection of l% lidocaine 10 mg/kg with epinephrine in children is considered to be safe because plasma concentration dose not exceed the toxic levels.

식염수로 선택적 뇌관류시 관류액의 온도에 따른 평탄뇌파의 출현 시기

최규택,정정길,장태영 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.29 No.2

Cerebral metabolism can be divided into basal and active metabolism. Active electroencephalogram(EEG) represents electrophysiologic activity of the brain and become flat when such an activity is abolished. Hypothermia can protect ischemic cerebral damage by reducing cerebral metabolic rate. Profound hypothermia could induce a slow or flat EEG. It can be assumed that the cessation of brain electrical activity appear far faster in the case of cerebral ischemia combined with brain cooling than simple ischemia. To prove this assumption, we carried out this study to determine if selective brain cooling shortens time to onset of a flat electroencephalogram(EEG) after cerebral ischemia. Rabbits were anesthetized with halothane and oxygen. Brain was selectively cooled by intracarotid infusion with saline at 37℃ (normothermic group) and 18℃ (hypothermic group). Cerebral ischemia was induced for 2 minutes with a simultaneous clamping of contralateral carotid artery and induced hypatension. In 22 of 28(79%) episodes alat EEG was identified, and occurred an average 10±1 sec in the hypothermic group, 14±I sec in the normothermic group. Time to onset of a flat EEG was significantly faster in the hypothermic group than normothermic group(p=0.02). These patterns may be recognized as an indication of metabolic suppression of hypothermia during cerebral ischemia. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1995; 29: 173~178)

유아의 폐쇄성 무호흡에 의한 경피 산소포화도의 변화

최규택,전재규,정정길,김홍란 대한마취과학회 1994 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.27 No.8

Preoxygenation is a standard anesthetic technique which prevents significant hypoxemia during the induction of anesthesia. Complete oxygenation is especially important in clinical situations of difficult intubation or in patients with decreased FRC, and in siturations where oxygen saturation is critical. During the induction of anesthesia in children, airway obstruction and apnea are associated with rapid development of hypoxemia. The decreasing speed of oxyhemoglobin saturation was faster in smaller infants than bigger infants. The most important factor determining the speed with which hypoxemia develops in healthy children is probably the oxygen reserve contained in the lungs and its relation to the oxygen consumption of the child. With deaeasing age, the arterial oxygen consumption increases and the ratio of FRC to body weight decreases. Due to the anatomical structure of an infant's upper airway, it is more difficult to obtaine patient airway in infants than in children. During repeated atttempts to intubate the trachea or while waiting for recovery from laryngeal spasms hypoxia can occur easily resulting in visible cyanosis in infants. This study was carried out to measure the time permissible for apnea before occurance of hypoxia following full oxygenation. The subjects consisted of 6 randomly selected infants 1-2 month of age, 4.6±0.6 Kg of body weight with no abnormalities of cardiorespiratory functions. After the intramuscular injection of atropine, patients were anesthetized through mask using oxygen and halothane. SpO₂ and pulse rates were recorded throughout the study. After the patients were intubated, a plug was placed on the distal end of the tube to induce obstructive apnea. As soon as SpO₂ decreased to just below 90%, the patients were ventilated again. In 2 of the infants, the time required to obtaine 90% saturation was 60 seconds. Within less than 70 seconds, four out of 6 infants had SpO₂ below 90% and SpO₂ below 80% were noticed in 3 cases. After the reestablishment of ventilation, SpO₂ retuned to the preapneic value within 10 second in all subjects. There was no evidence of increasing pulse rate as SpO₂ levels decreased. However, pulse rate decreased in all subjects thoughout the study. In summary, maximum time permissible for apnea in neonate and young infant is approximately one minute. Furthermore, tachycardia should not be used as a sign for the onset of hypoxia.

뇌관류에 의한 선택적 뇌온도 하강이 허혈후 뇌수분 함량에 미치는 영향

최규택,서병태,임정길 대한마취과학회 1997 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.32 No.1

Background : Blood-brain barrier(BBB) permeability and intravascular hydrostatic pressure are main factors for developing brain edema. Selective cooling of the brain could attenuate the ischemia-induced increase of BBB permeability. Because the method can provide driving pressure for edema formation, a beneficial effect of hypothermic perfusion on reducing edema would be questionable. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of isolated cerebral perfusion during the cerebral ischemia on the formation of brain edema. Methods : Both vertebral arteries were cauterized, right carotid artery was cannulated to provide an infusion route. After left carotid artery was snared, cold saline was immediately perfused into the right carotid artery for 10 min in the perfusion group. To produce ischemia in no perfusion group carotid arteries were clamped bilaterally for 10 min. Brain water contents were measured using the kerosene/bromobenzene density gradient after reperfusion and compared with no perfusion and normal control group. Results : Brain water content of perfusion group measured at 90 min after reperfusion showed increased water content compared to no perfusion and normal control group(p$lt;0.05). However, at 180 min after reperfusion, there were no statistically significant differences between the perfusion and no perfusion group. Conclusions : Cerebral saline perfusion during the ischemia enhanced the formation of brain edema even though hypothermia could reduce BBB permeability. These results show driving force is more important than permeability for the development of brain edema in this type of experiments. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1997; 32: 19∼26)

體育特技者의 肺機能과 運動後 恢復期의 血液가스의 變化

崔圭澤,朴載植,黃樹寬,朱永恩 慶北大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.39 No.-

The pulmonary function and changes of blood gas tensions and pH in the athletes have been reported but are fragmentary as to require more complete studies including all the pulmonary parameters and blood gas tensions especially at the early part of 20 years of age. This study was aimed to elucidate the pulmonary function at the rest and the changes of venous blood gas tension and pH after the exercise in the athletes of physical education students. The subjects chosen for this study were 15 athletes of physical education students (special group) of 21-25 years of age. The athletes had at least four years of exercise careers, and were compared with 12 non-athletes of physical education students (general group) who had not been subjected to any form of rigorous training program. All the subject were directed to perform running on the treadmill for three minutes under the condition of 15% grade and 5 MPH. The venous blood samples were taken at the rest as well as at 0, 5, 10 and 20 minutes after the exercise to check the changes of Pco_2, Po_2 and pH during the recovery period. The venous blood Pco_2, Po_2 and pH were determined using the Model 175 Automatic Blood Gas Analyzer by Corning Co., and the pulmonary function using the computerized spirometer. The results obtained were compared with the general group and summarized as follows: The special group exhibited higher values of the pulmonary function except FVC compared with the general group, and particularly FEV_0·5% and FEV_1% were significantly different. The venous Po_2 was decreased immediately after the exercise, but increased during the recovery period. The special group generally showed higher oxygen partial pressure than the general group. The venous Pco_2 in contrast to the oxygen increased immediately after the exercise, but decreased during the recovery period. The special group showed lower carbon dioxide partial pressure. Blood pH was significantly decreased from the resting value after the exercise and returned to the resting value at 20 minutes. In the special group, however, the change of pH was less than in the general group.

長期間 Ethanol 投與가 家兎의 心搏數, 體溫 및 血中乳酸濃度에 미치는 效果

崔圭澤,金亨鎭,黃樹寬,朱永恩 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1975 慶北醫大誌 Vol.22 No.2

長期間의 ethanol 投與가 家兎의 心搏數, 體溫 및 血中乳酸濃度에 미치는 效果를 알아보기 위해 試圖한 本 硏究의 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. Ethanol 이 心搏數를 增加시키는 效果는 長期間의 ethanol 投與時에도 變함 없이 나타났으나, ethanol 投與前의 心搏數는 長期間의 ethanol 投與가 繼續됨에 따라 繼續하여 減少하는 傾向을 보였다. Ethanol 의 體溫下降 效果는 長期間의 ethanol 投與에 따라 약간 弱化되는 傾向을 보였으나 有意한 變化없이 나타났다. Ethanol 의 單回投與後 血中乳酸濃度는 增加하였으며, ethanol 의 長期間投與를 繼續함에 따라 ethanol 投與前의 血中乳酸濃度도 繼續하여 增加하였다. In order to elucidate the chronic effect of ethanol on the heart rate, body temperature and blood lactate concentration, the author administered ethanol orally to 25 albino rabbits for 8 weeks and measured the heart rate by recording lead I electocardiogram, the oral temperature with a mercury thermometer and blood lactate concentration by Barker-Summerson method before and 30, 60 and 120 min after ethanol ingestion every other week. The results are summarized as follows. Heart rate showed a gradual decrease through the 8 weeks period of chronic ethanol ingestion, from 258.83±8.80 to 203.50±8.32/min, though it was always increased after each dose of ethanol ingestion. Oral temperature was always decreased after ethanol ingestion and showed no significant change due to chronic ethanol ingestion except that the degree of hypothermia was gradually lessened. Blood lactate showed an increase after every dose of ethanol and a gradual increase, from 21.66±3.51 to 66.20±7.55 mh/dl, through the 8 week period of ethanol ingestion. It was therefore concluded that the cardioacceleration effect of ethanol is not affected but the hypothermic effect of ethanol tends to be weakened by chronic ethanol ingestion and the blood lactate is increased by both a single dose and a chronic ingestion of ethanol.

전산화 단층촬영을 이용한 경막외강의 해부학적 구조

최규택,전재규,서순애 대한마취과학회 1990 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.23 No.2

The anatomy of the human epidural space was demonstrated in 8 patients by computed tomography (CT) examinations performed after epidural injection of water soluble radiographic contrast material into the L3-4 epidural space via Tuohy needle. The examinations showed the posterior epidural space to be divided by the plica mediana dorsalis and an additional transverse connective tissue plane. The compartmentalized nature of the space may be, at times, responsible for entrapment and coiling of epidural catheters, despite the satisfactory technical performance of catheterization for epidural anesthesia. All patients demonstrated a great amount of fatty tissue within the junction of the posterior midline epidural connective tissue structures, producing a triangular-shaped structure which might be an impediment to catheterization. The posterior epidural space is more easily filled with contrast media than the anterior epidural space. We also measured the depth of epidural space. The posterior epidural space was 2-6 mm deeper than the anterior epidural space. At the thoracic spine, the depth of the posterior epidural space was about 1-2 mm and the anterior space was under 1 mm or revealed trace. At the lumbar region, the depth of the posterior epidural space was about 4-7 mm. Air bubbles were noticed in the epidural space, especially around intervertebral foramen; therefore, it was suggested that the air bubbles can produce incomplete analgesia along the nerve roots.