음성로고 삽입을 위한 디지털 영상 워터마킹에 관한 연구

조강석,고성식,Cho, Gang-Seok,Koh, Sung-Shik 대한전자공학회 2002 電子工學會論文誌 IE (Industry electronics) Vol.39 No.3

The digital watermarking methods have been proposed as a solution for solving the illegal copying and proof of ownership problems in the context of multimedia data. But it is still difficult to have been overcame the problem of the protection of property to multimedia data, such as digital images, digital video, and digital audio. This paper describes a watermarking algorithm that embeds non-linearly audio logo watermark data which is converted from audio signal of the ownership in the components of pixel intensities in an original image and that insists of ownership by hearing the audio signal transformed from the extracted audio logo through the speaker. Experimental results show that our algorithm using audio logo proposed in this paper is robust against attacks such as particularly lossy JPEG image compression.? 디지털 워터마킹 기술은 멀티미디어 데이터에 적용하여 소유물에 대한 불법 복제나 소유자의 저작권 보호 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방법 중의 하나이다. 그렇지만 디지털 영상, 비디오, 그리고 오디오와 같은 멀티미디어 보호 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 여전히 소유권 주장 방법에 대해서 극복해야할 문제점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 저작물 소유자의 음성신호(Audio signal)를 음성로고(Audio Logo)의 워터마크로 변환하고, 원 영상 내 픽셀 농도 값의 비선형적 특성를 이용하여 음성로고를 공간 영역에서 삽입한다. 그리고 추출된 음성로고를 음성신호로 변환하여 청각적으로 소유자의 음성신호를 스피커로 출력하여 소유권을 주장하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험 결과를 통해, 본 논문에서 제시하는 알고리즘이 일반적인 영상 처리나, 특히 손실 JPEG 등과 같은 다양한 공격에 대해서 강인성을 유지시킬 수 있어 음성로고를 이용해 저작물 보호를 확인할 수 있음을 검증하였다.

해방기 시론의 보편주의 연구

조강석(Cho, Kang-Sok) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.45

해방기의 많은 문학론들은 좌우를 막론하고 공히 보편론의 입장을 띠고 있다. 다시 말하자면 이 시기 문학론의 특징은, 실제로 당대의 구체적 정황 속에서 배태된 논의라 할지라도 문학을 보편적 맥락에서 규정하려는 욕망을 반영하고 있다는 것이다. 해방기 문학론들은 많은 경우 구체적 역사 현실에 대한 실제적 개입과 실천을 목표로 했지만 그 과정 속에서 이론적으로도 중요한 논의들을 생산해내었다. 또한 이 시기의 시론들 역시 특수한 상황에서 당대의 구체적 요청에 응하는 것이었음에도 불구하고 종종 세계사적 요청에도 동시에 부응하는 것이라고 언명되었다. ‘계급의 이익’ ‘당파성’, ‘민족의 당면과제’, ‘민족성’ 등과 같은 어휘들이 이 시기 시론에서 가장 빈번하게 나타났지만 그와 동시에, ‘세계사적 요청’, ‘문학의 본질적 가치’와 같은 수사들 역시 좌우를 막론하고 공통적으로 등장한 것도 사실이다. 바로 그런 맥락에서 이 글은 각별히 당시의 중요한 시론들을 ‘복수의 보편주의’라는 관점에서 재정리하고 이들 각각의 면모와 그 의의를 설명하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 이 시기에 단편적 구호에 그치거나 공소한 고담준론에 머물지 않고 체계적인 논리를 통해 시론을 전개한 대표적 논자들인 김기림, 조지훈, 김동석의 시론을 보편과 특수의 관계에 대한 태도의 차이를 통해 관계적으로 살펴 보았다. 그 과정에서 본문에서는 이들 각각이 ‘실재에의 열망’을 어떤 식으로 드러내는가에 따라 정화와 공제의 보편주의, 심미적 보편주의, 감산적 보편주의로 규정되었다. 이는 구체적 논의들의 우열을 가리려는 것이 아니라 해방기의 시론들이 상관적으로 전개됨으로써 펼쳐내는 생산적 논의의 장을 보다 실감 있게 제시해보고자 하는 것이 본고의 목적이기 때문이다. This paper deals with the poetics during the liberation period of Korea(1945~1949). Specifically, this study focuses on three different kinds of universalism suggested or alluded in the major poetics of this period. During the liberation period, many poets submitted their own poetics to satisfy both social and aesthetic requires. Universalism was the possible logical solution to those requires. In that sense, this paper covers three major poets’ poetics by the terms of universalism. Kim, Ki-Rim’s poetics can be redefined as poetics of the universalism of purify and subtraction. Cho, Ji-Hun’s one can be understood as poetics of aesthetic universalism. And Kim, Dong-Suk’s one, as that of subtractive universalism. The end of this paper is not to decide which one of those three kinds of poetics is superior to others. What is more important is to suggest a correlative view of the poetics in the liberation period. Universalism might be a good guide to lead us to that way of understanding of the poetics during the liberation period.

보편성과 심미적 가상 그리고 공동체-백석과 김수영의 시에 나타난 “사랑의 현상학”을 중심으로-

조강석 ( Kang Sok Cho ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2015 민족문화연구 Vol.69 No.-

Making good community is not a matter of social obligation. As Jean- Luc Nancy argued, community can not be constructed by an obligatory demand, rather it needs to be built on common senses and emotion. If community is to exist, it is desirable that community exists as absent form. Desirable community exists as the missing content, which means that its being is inscribed in the common wishes for better ways of communication and living. Good community needs to be evoked and imagined through constant references to the tragic consequences of its absence. In that sense, it can be strongly argued that we need to examine literature closely to draw the outline of ``absent community.`` If community is to built on common senses and emotion, not on obligatory demand for the universals, it should be constructed through mutual understanding and communication. If community is not represented but demanded as an absent form, we need to closely study what kinds of ways of reciprocal contacts are being depicted or alluded in literature, especially concerning ``arts of love.`` This paper maintains Baek Seok`s and Kim Soo-young`s poetry can be good models which suggest a better community by constantly referring the consequences of its absence. This paper comes to the conclusion that we can draw the exemplary cases of Jean-Luc Nancy`s ``inoperative community`` in those two poets` poetry.

정동적 문학 읽기의 가능성

조강석 ( Cho Kangsok ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2023 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.98 No.-

Spinoza explained the concept of ‘affect’ as follows. “By affect I understand affections of the body by which the body’s power of action is increased or diminished, aided or restrained, and at the same time, the ideas of these affections.” To use this definition based on his parallelism, affects may lead to a chain of cognitive actions, just as cognitive things act on affects. A chain of ideas involves affections and emotional variations and can be a trigger for affective responses. It is possible to assume a chain that leads to text-concept-affections-affective fluctuations. The Literary text promotes the reader's affective responses. In other words, the literary text is not for representation, but it can be said that it is a text-affect itself that is being generated in a chain. And we need to pay attention to the images along with the message of the text if the text does not remain in mere reproduction or representation, but turns in text-affect itself. In the best case, images shake the pre-assumed recognition and trigger emotional variation and affective fluctuations. On the other hand, for affective literature reading not only explores emotional attitudes or themes, but we also need to pay attention to the image of the text. This is because the image creates a new perception and placement of the world and lives a social life. Reading emotional literature is not a simple critical reading based on clear information and social and historical understanding, but rather a reading that enhances the effectiveness of affective language that conveys the tangibility of life. The second half of this paper examines the possibility of reading literature affects by exemplifying Hwang Ji-woo's poems dealing with Gwangju in 1980 and Kim Soom's serial novels dealing with the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery. What is essential is the fact that the affect of the text is the result of the linkage of various bodies, and furthermore, it is linked to the reader's body.

김수영의 시의식 변모 과정 연구 : ‘시적 연극성’과 ‘자코메티적 전환’을 중심으로

조강석(Cho Kang-sok) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.28

Kim Soo-young's poetics has two important turning points. First one can be viewed as abandoning dramatic features in poetry. In his prose, ‘Trying to find a new way’(1961), Kim Soo-young confessed that he had been enchanted by dramatic features in poetry like Jules Supervielle's until then. Then, he made it sure that he would no more write such a dramatic poem. He declared that he would renounce dramatic concreteness and satire. However, despite the attitude appeared in ‘Trying to find a new way’. he continued to mix the way of concreteness and abstraction in his poetry. In 1966, there was a great turn in his poetics. Under the influence of Giacometti's works, he realized that the reality is not obsolete but it is original itself. So, he eventually found that the reality could be recognized through one's own creative sensitivity. In the poem 「‘Noon’(Snow)」, he expressed that kind of vision of reality. After that, he could write a poem little restricted by methodology of concreteness or abstraction. After ‘Giacomettian turn, he could express his vision of realty with more creativity and confidence.

‘오인’의 탈 벗기와 소외/분리의 윤리 : 최인훈의 「가면고」 연구

조강석(Cho Kang-Sok) 韓國批評文學會 2011 批評文學 Vol.- No.40

「가면고」는 사랑을 통한 ‘자아 완성’의 길을 모색하는 작품이라기보다는 표면적으로 예술적 승화를 통해 봉합된 균열의 양상이 그 이면에 얼마나 집요하게 남는가와 그것이 주체의 숨겨진 욕망을 어떻게 드러내는가를 보여주는 작품이다. 민의 서사에서는 주체가 억압된 것의 회귀로 촉발된 위기 상황을 예술적 승화로 다스려 보고자 하는 ‘윤리적’ 해결책을 보여준다. 이때의 ‘윤리적’ 해결은 지젝의 논의를 빌리자면, ‘소외의 윤리’에 기초한 것이라고 할 수 있으며 ‘오인’의 구조에 대한 승인이라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 무의식의 차원에서 주체는 ‘자아 완성’의 길에서 ‘윤리적’으로는 해결되지 않는 문제를 해결해 보고 싶은 은근한 소망을 보여준다. 발레의 각본인 변형된 신데렐라 이야기는, 민의 이와 같은 은근한 소망이 꿈 작업을 거치며 가공 처리된 것이다. 그리고 이 소망의 보다 상세한 면모는 다문고의 이야기를 통해 드러난다. 다문고의 이야기를 통해 주체는 자신의 욕망을 끝까지 밀고감으로써 자신의 결여와 그것을 낳은 오인의 구조를 인식하고, 결여 이전, ‘호명’ 이전의 ‘얼굴’을 회복하고자 하는 무의식을 드러낸다. 그런 의미에서 볼 때, 이 소설의 외형적 서사를 이루는 민의 이야기가 현실과 의식의 차원에서 ‘소외의 윤리’를 보여준다면 신데렐라 이야기와 다문고 이야기는 ‘탈’이면으로, 혹은 ‘탈’ 이전으로의 환상 가로지르기를 통해 ‘분리의 윤리’의 가능성을 타진하고 있다고 할 수 있다. This study examines three different narratives presented in Choi In-hoon’s novel, Gamyeongo. Many researchers argue those three narratives converge into one theme of ‘self―completion’. However, by close reading we can tell the different themes of three narratives. In the first narrative, Min’s story, we can figure out the ‘return of the repressed’. The second narrative, the story of the ballet which is written by Min, expresses Min’s wish to overcome the psychological adversity derived from the ‘return of the repressed’ by the way of artistic sublimation. So, superficially viewed, Min’s psychological turbulance seems to be settled. However, Damungo’ narrative unveils Min’s psychological reality. Damungo’s story is closely related to, so called, ethics of separation. Damungo’s story shows how hard it is to unveil the masks of identity. Consequently, Whereas Min’s story shows the ethics of alienation at the level of consciousness, Damungo’s story shows the ethics of separation at the level of unconsciousness.

‘체감된 근대’를 사유하기 『동아시아의 ‘근대’ 체감』(한울아카데미, 2018)에 대한 서평

조강석 ( Cho Kangsok ) 국제비교한국학회 2019 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.27 No.1

The main purpose of this paper is to review the book, ‘Modern’ Experience of East Asia edited by Institute of Korean Studies, Yonsei University. The articles in this book interpret ‘modern’ in terms of real and vivid experinces of new ways of life. Each article tries to demonstrate the concrete examples which can be regarded as revealing actual feelings and recognitions of the common people about the advent of ‘the modern.’ For example, the articles deal with new transportaion system, rules of conducts of trades, overseas travel, new media, etc. Consequently, this book suggests that researchers need to pay more attention to ‘the affect’ of ‘the modern’ rather than theoretically reduced notion of ‘modernity.’ That means we need to focus more on the actual feelings of people who really faced the advent of ‘the modern’ in daily lfe. To some degree, it seems that this book fulfills the intention. However, there remains something to be supplemented. To closely look into the aspects of the feelings of people in daily life, not only the historical materials and official records but also the imaginary works such as literary works need to be examined closely to make a wholly view of the field of ‘modern experiences.’ That’s because, as Chales Talor pointed out, what matters most is ‘the social imagination’ in the making of the modern identity.

한국 근대문학과 중국, 그리고 문학 연구의 동아시아적 지평

조강석 ( Cho Kangsok ) 국제비교한국학회 2016 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.24 No.3

This study reviews the book, Modern Korean Literature and China which deals with the corelation between modern korean literature and China. This book suggests the way of viewing modern korean literature through the inter-influences with China. What matters most in East Asian studies is to adapt cross-boundary view. We often regard various cultures as independent substances. Rather, we need to revise the vision of culture and literature in terms of hibridity. The book, Modern Korean Literature and China reflects the outcomes of comparative literature studies viewing each national literatures in East Asia through the terms of East Asian point of view.

문학의 고고학과 귀납적 보편 : 김현 초기 시 비평 연구

조강석 ( Cho¸ Kang-sok ) 국제비교한국학회 2020 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.28 No.3

The purpose of this article is to examine the status and aspects of Kim Hyun’s early criticisms on poems and to reflect on the present by pondering what the meaning would be. The important agenda of early Kim Hyun’s criticism was derived from the question, “How can we accept the universality of Korean literature without accepting empirical things as a priori?” In “On Poetry and Allusion-Poetics of the Poets Who Put Special Emphasis on the Usage of Language in Poetry” published in 1967, Kim Hyun suggested the archeology of literature as a response to the request for inductive universality triggered by thoughts of a priori and empirical things. This article looks at the Korean poems in 1960s through Stephane Mallarme’s poetics of allusion, but explores the reason why poetics of allusion is difficult to establish under Korean conditions. In Kim Hyun’s view, the advent of the ‘linguistic group’ has already occurred in Korea as of 1967. Their poetic characteristics are best explained by the poetics of allusion. However, in a Korean situation, vertical dualism, which is a constitutive condition of the poetics of allusion, was missing until the mid 1960s. Kim Hyun argued the vertical dualism would inevitably arise in the Korean context, not in the same way as in the West from Plato to Christian tradition. Kim Hyun defines this as “the matter of indigenization of vertical dualism”. Eventually, the poetry of ‘linguistic group’ that had already arrived would gain the most persuasive and desperate appeal if the cultural foundation of Korea was progressed in the direction of vertical dualism, and it would reach an ideological form of Korean poetry. If not, it is read as Kim Hyun’s sincerity in this passage, it would be nothing more than borrowing only the form ‘a priori’. From the 1960s to the beginning of the 1970s, Korean literary world not only grew rapidly in terms of quantity, but was also searching for new ways by repeating new experiments. At this point, Kim Hyun looked for a way to avoid deductive explanation of Korean poetry. In that sense, Kim Hyun’s early criticisms on poems can be seen as a part of an attempt to inductively focus on concrete practices and to explain a universality of Korean poetry abstracted from them. And this was to explain the achievements and possibilities of Korean poetry, which began to unfold in many different ways in that time. Eventually, Kim Hyun’s early endeavor reflects the meaning that a work based on archaeological attitudes and inductive methods must be premised to abstract the ideological pattern of Korean poetry. Even for today in the 2020s, the post-reconstruction work of the history of modern Korean poetry based on such an inductive sense seems to be most demanded.

시 이미지 연구 방법론

조강석(Cho, Kang-Sok) 한국시학회 2015 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.42

이 논문의 의도는 시 텍스트 연구에 있어 텍스트 중심의 형식주의적 접근법과 문화? 제도 연구에 기반한 접근법을 접속시킬 수 있는 장소를 텍스트 내부에 지정하고 이를 통해 시 텍스트를 ‘내부로터의 외부로 전개’시키기 위한 방법론을 모색하는 것이다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 시 이미지에 대해 새롭게 주목하고자 한다. 시 연구에 있어 각별히 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있는 이미지 연구는 한동안 새로운 관점과 방법을 얻지 못하고 정체되어 있는 형편이다. 이는 한편으로는 시 이미지를 읽는 데 있어 감각적 분절에 따른 이미지론의 자장 안에 머물거나 질료적 상상력을 협소하게 적용하여 시에 나타난 이미지를 분류하는 것 이상으로 이미지 연구가 진전되지 못하고 있기 때문이다. 또 한편으로는 재현과 표상의 맥락에서 문학 이미지를 특정 시대의 사회?역사적 환경의 증거로서 활용하는 것 이상으로 논의가 진행되지 않기 때문이기도 하다. 만약, 형식주의적 완고함과 (시)문학에 대한 표상적 이해 모두를 지양하고 문학텍스트를 내적 정합성 속에서 읽어내고 그 내부로부터 발원하여 텍스트를 사회, 문화, 역사적 맥락에 접속시키고자 한다면 그 유력한 장소로서 이미지가 지목되어야 할 까닭이 여기에 있다. 조르주 디디-위베르만의 말처럼 우리가 상상하는 방식 속에 근본적으로 정치하는 방식을 위한 조건이 놓여 있다고 한다면 텍스트와 사회 그리고 이념과 가치의 문제 등과 두루 관련된 텍스트 내재적 요청과 외재적 요청에 동시에 부응해야 한다. 그리고 이를 위하여 시이미지 연구 방법론은 새롭게 정립되어야 한다. 본고에서는 이를 위해 이미지에 대한 다양한 논의들을 표상과 증언, 물질과 운동, 정동적 동요라는 관점에서 분류하고 이미지의 의미에 대해 다각적으로 검토한다. 또한 시 이미지를 풍부하게 활용하기 위해 아비바르부르크, 파노프스키 등의 도상해석학에서 이미지를 연구하고 활용하는 방법을 자세히 살펴보고 이를 시 이미지 연구에 접합시킬 수 있는 가능성과 그것의 한계 조건을 검토한다. 나아가 이미지와 언어가 교섭하는 방식을 검토하기 위해 ‘문장-이미지’론을 펼친 자크 랑시에르의 논의와, 이미지와 텍스트의 혼융으로서의 아이코놀로지론을 주창한 W.J.T. 미첼의 논의를 경유하여 이미지의 사회적 성격이 무엇인지를 검토한다. 최종적으로 이런 논의들을 비판적으로 검토하고 종합하여 마지막 장에서는 시 이미지 연구 방법론 정립을 위한 제언을 제시한다. This paper intends to suggest a new methodology of studying poetic images. In a formalistic view, studying poetry means investigating formal features in the text, such as metaphors, tones, structures, irony, etc. On the other hand, there is a tendency to research poems to get some social and historical informations, as in cultural studies and social system researches. However, these two ways of viewing poetry are not mutually exclusive. This paper strongly argues that a poetic image can be a clue to make those two views meet. That’s why a new methodology of studying poetic image is to be developed. As Georges Didi-Huberman said, the way how we imagine determines basic conditions of politics. Likewise, poetic images are both specific and general, both individual and social. To make a new suggestion, this paper examines various studies on images. Especially, the iconological approach established by Aby Warburg and Erwin Panofsky is closely examined in this paper. W.J.T. Mitchell’s iconology, which gives a helpful idea of ‘text-image’ is also reviewed with an importance. Consequently, this paper suggests a new methodology of studying poetic images.