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김광림의 이미지 시론 연구 : 바슐라르 시론과의 관련을 중심으로 Focus on its Relationship with Bachelard's Essay on Poetry
문혜원 한국비교문학회 2003 比較文學 Vol.31 No.-
A Study on Kim Gwang-rim's Essay on Poetic Image : Focus on its Relationship with Bachelard's Essay on Poetry Kim Gwang-rim's essay on poetry started from his criticism on unaffected lyric poems and modernism poems and reality poems. He proposed intellectual lyric poetry as the new poetry to overcome these poems; thus adding intellect to emotion. Images enable emotion to assume the function of intellect, thereby becoming objective. In the process, it distances itself from such emotion. This essay on poetry is similar to that of Kim Gi-rim, who was active in the 1930s. The two poets criticized the political inclination and sentimentalism of literature and used intellect as a way of overcoming it. While Kim Gi-rim stressed intellect, Kim Gwang-rim stressed lyricism. Likewise, Kim Gwang-rim considered lyricism as the basic form of poetry and searched for modern lyricism. The core of his essay on poetic image focused on how the nature of being could be converted into other senses. He postulated that image attempted to convert the existence of readers; thus, his essay on poetry concurred with the position of Bachelard. However, ontology inevitably comes back to the question on human existence itself. Being gives power to conversion, because human beings themselves eventually accept images. Given these limitations, Kim Gwang-rim gave up on image and shifted his concern to human life itself. Sociability, reality, humanism, and other messages took the place of ontology. Kim Gwang-rim's essay on poetic image further developed the imagism practiced in the 1930s, which either identified image with visual image or regarded it as a descriptive technique. His attempt to combine image with ontology is significant because it did not see image as a simple poetic technique; rather, it linked image to the expanding realm of human spirit. Given the limitations of such attempt, however, image eventually reverted to "passive reflection or copying of the senses."
문혜원 한국여성문학학회 2005 여성문학연구 Vol.13 No.-
In the 1960's, there were many woman poets and poems written by women. Woman poets wanted to deviate from their family. A travel and an outgoing symbolized the desire for deviation of woman poets. Even if it was negative way, it meant that women deviated from their family. Woman poets expressed their sexual desire that was concealed, and opposed to the social customs that repressed women. It overthrew a traditional sexual model. And woman poets perceived 'the other voice' of inner world. But that voice could not concretize. Their poems aimed at 'modern'. A travel and an outgoing were theme of modernism, and the criticism on civilization was the same. They wanted to be separated from traditional feminity. They imitated 'language of man' and hoped to be treated on the same footing with man. Because they thought themselves as a shortage of 'masculine and modern'. It was a contradict way that denied their sex, 'feminine'. But the self-conciousness as woman budded in a woman poet's poems in the 1960'. So they got a foundation of a genuine woman poet's poems. Woman poets in the 1960' could not reform the social systems. But they perceived that woman's status in society was irrational and repressed. They wanted to deviate from an illogical social system. 1960년대에는 여성시인의 숫자가 늘어나고, 창작활동도 활발히 이루어진다. 여성시인들은 여성의 존재 근거였던 가정과 가족에서 벗어나려고 한다. 여행과 외출이라는 소재는 여성의 일탈 욕망을 상징한다. 이는 소극적인 방법이지만, 여성이 가정으로부터 분리와 독립할 것이라는 사실을 예고한다. 또한 그때까지 은폐되어온 여성의 성적인 욕망을 과감하게 표출함으로써, 여성을 억압해온 관습에 정면으로 대항한다. 그것은 남성과 여성의 성의 역할에 대한 기존의 생각을 전복시키는 것이다. 이것들은 여성의 내부에 있는 ‘또 다른 목소리’를 감지하고 있는 것이다. 그러나 이러한 새로운 목소리는 가능성으로 남아있을 뿐 구체화되거나 심화되지는 못한다.이들의 시는 공통적으로 전통적인 것이 아닌 모던한 것을 지향하고 있다. 외출과 여행은 모더니즘의 특징적인 테마이고, 문명비판의식 또한 마찬가지다. 그들은 가장 현대적인 것을 지향하여, 퇴행적인 것과 동일시되는 전통적인 여성성을 벗어나려 했던 것이라고 해석된다. 여성시인들은 지배 문화인 남성들의 언어를 모방함으로써, 스스로가 남성과 대등한 인간으로서 대우받기를 갈망했다. 이는 그들이 스스로를 ‘남성적이고 현대적인 것’의 결핍 상태로 인식하고 있기 때문이다. 이는 자신의 ‘여성’이라는 성별 자체를 부정하는 모순된 방식으로 나타난다.이러한 한계에도 불구하고, 60년대 여성시는 양적으로 숫자가 늘어났고 여성적 자의식이 싹트는 시기이다. 그럼으로써 70년대 이후 본격화되는 여성시의 기반을 마련했다. 여성시인들은 사회제도를 개혁하거나 여성의 권리를 적극적으로 주장하는 데까지는 나아가지 못했다. 그러나 그들은 여성의 지위가 불합리하고 억압적이라는 사실을 깨닫고 그것에서의 일탈을 꿈꾼다.
Carbon Monoxide Ameliorates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Cell Death in C6 Glioma Cells
문혜원,장정희,장태창,박규환 한국응용약물학회 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.2
Carbon monoxide (CO) is well-known as toxic gas and intrinsic signaling molecule such as neurotransmitter and blood vessel relaxant. Recently, it has been reported that low concentration of CO exerts therapeutic actions under various pathological conditions including liver failure, heart failure, gastric cancer, and cardiac arrest. However, little has been known about the effect of CO in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s disease (PD). To test whether CO could exert a beneficial action during oxidative cell death in PD, we examined the effects of CO on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cell death in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) significantly attenuated 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. CORM-2 treatment decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 activity, which had been increased by 6-OHDA. CORM-2 increased phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a transcription factor regulating antioxidant proteins. Subsequently, CORM-2 also increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutases (CuZnSOD and MnSOD), which were antioxidant enzymes regulated by Nrf2. These results suggest that CO released by CORM-2 treatment may have protective effects against oxidative cell death in PD through the potentiation of cellular adaptive survival responses via activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of heme oxygenase-1, leading to increasing antioxidant defense capacity.