제주도, 역사의 바람 그리고 신화의 바람

문무병(Moon-Byung Moon) 민족미학회 2003 민족미학 Vol.2 No.-

제주굿의 깃발과 종이무구

문무병 ( Moo Byung Moon ) 영주어문학회 2008 영주어문 Vol.15 No.-

제주도의 영등굿

文武秉(Moon Mu-byung),이수자(토론자) 비교민속학회 1996 비교민속학 Vol.13 No.-

제주도 도깨비 信仰

문무병(Moon Moo-byung),박종성(토론자) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2003 한국학논집 Vol.30 No.-

광대와 심방의 굿에서 슬픈 아름다움을

문무병(Moo-Byung Moon) 민족미학회 2003 민족미학 Vol.1 No.-

한국미의 범주로서의 한

문무병(Moo-Byung Moon) 민족미학회 2005 민족미학 Vol.5 No.-

What is the meaning of “Hahn”? If Hahn would be a prototype of beauty, what is “Hahn”? Hahn would be the most basic or fundamental feeling among Koreans. However, it is difficult to define its meaning, for the concept is the result of total or complex cultural phenomena of Korea. The concept can be explained into four kinds such as aggressiveness, retrogression, friendship, and progress. Aggressiveness and retrogression can be negative factors, while friendship and progress can be positive factors. Once the Hahn can arrange four interpretive type, it can be a theory of emotion, a theory of hope, a theory of aggressiveness, and a theory of monoism. If sadness can be a product of human will and desire to go beyond the human real condition, these Korean sadness result from the condition of Korean life and the lifestyle of Koreans as a beauty. Hahn can be a unique feeling of sadness. Unlike the sublime, the blue, and the melancholy in the West, the feeling would be a unique emotion to Koreans. We cannot say, “It is beautiful itself”, like a tragic resolution downpouring the sadness. When we gaze, encounter, and embrace it, the beauty can be represented in life itself as a beauty. If “Gut” would be an art in Jejudo before the western arts are imported, ”Gut” must be a source of folk art of Jeju people in itself. Therefore the beauty of Gut can be “release of Hahn”, as Jejudo people feel catharsis through Gut in life. “Youngaeulim”, “Gunwoongnolim”, “Seojetsori”, and “Bangwulpum” are all based on the “release of Hahn.” The release of Hahn is not in despair. It is a critical emotion to overcome the great tragedy when people take a “tear towel”, burst into tears, and wipe out all the tears. The tragic perception of life will not be a self abandonment but get vital force through blame and paradox, satire and comic, and negative factors. The emotion can be a feeling of emancipation, or a dialectic emotion after the confronted response to tragic situation. Shinmyung can be a completed aesthetics of “Hahn”.

풍류계 및 씻김계 미적범주의 교차관계[해학-한]

문무병(Moo-Byung Moon) 민족미학회 2007 민족미학 Vol.6 No.-

The study divides aesthetic category of Korean aesthetics into Poongyooh boundary and Sitgim boundary, which can be classified into 8 concepts such as "nature", "Mut", Poongyooh, and Haehak in the Poongyooh boundary and "Shinmyong", "White Shade", "Sitgim", and "Hahn" in the Sitgim boundary. The study investigates the crossing relationship of Haehak in Poongyooh and Hahn in Sitgim. Like the both sides of a coin, Hahn and Haehak have the opposite and reciprocal aesthetic contrast factors, as the basic concepts representing Korean feeling and defining Korean comedy and tragedy. What is Hahn to Koreans? Hahn, which has been derived as "the literature of emotional Hahn" or "the aesthetics of Hahn", would be a unique Korean concept, so it can be defined "the culture of Hahn", which is expressed as a culture accumulated over the flow of time. Interpreted tragically, it would be defined as "an emotion of tragic sorrow and renunciation" marked by a poet, Koh Eun. However the emotion on Korean Hahn would be similar to "pickled Korean cabbage", resulted from a long-term ferment. The aesthetic language of sorrow expressing Korean emotion would be the word of Hahn as a dew of such mind. Unless it is soaked, the tragedy of Koreans cannot be completed. Therefore "Hahn" as a Korean aesthetic category can be soaked beauty. The aesthetic of Hahn is the beauty of long-term ferment. Gut interpreting Hahn has a meaning of the pleasure of God and man together in the process to search for the key to problems. "Younggaeulim", one of Hahn solutions, in which an exorcist speaks of the soul in behalf of the dead, asking for God"s disposal in speaking of the tragic message of the dead. Yonggae means "soul", and Ulim represents "weeping". Shimbang says "I speak with the tongue of Shimbang", expressing prior life, tragic feeling in dying, another life after death, and some messages for the left. The left relatives would hear of the soul, bursting into cry. Therefore it could be Hahn solution, crying over the soul, in which man encounters God. There is "Gutnori", as "a satirical drama in drama" in grand Gut in Jeju. "Nori" can be divided into Jeonsangnori, Yonggamnori, Sahnshingnori, and Saegangnori, composed of the small ritual process. Also there are Buldomagi, Sechon flower game, Gangtaemok Seomokshi in Seongjupuri, In brief there are short country style dramas in the rituals of Gods singing and dancing. It does mean that nori(play) has the function as "drama in drama" though which solves the conflict of Hahnpoori as ritual and self-satisfactory characteristics. "Nori" performs mythic facts as instant acts again. It raises the world of myth to the real, and changes the ritual site into play ground, in which people performs "nori". Nori Gut would be Hahn solution Gut as well as a satirical drama in solving conflicts, In the meantime human beings praise good gods, but make fun of the devils. From the human viewpoint good gods are humane, but the devils are the enemies of men. However the boundary between them does not exist. As Nori Gut shows men"s relationship with other ones. In the process the conflicts would be solved, and Hahn comes to be crossed as Haehak.

탐라 고문화와 칠성신앙(七星信仰)

문무병(Moon, Mu Byung) 민족미학회 2012 민족미학 Vol.11 No.2

이 글은 제주도의 고대 국가 탐라국 건국 초기의 제사유적(祭祀遺跡) 또는 고대 천문학 유적으로 전해오는 칠성대(七星臺)에 대한 탐라지(耽羅志) 등의 기록과 고대로부터 전승되어온 제주 고문화의 원류를 고스란히 지닌 것으로 생각되는 제주의 <큰굿>의 내용을 비교 분석하여 제주무속에 남아있는 고대 하늘굿[天祭]으로서 칠성굿을 재구성해 본 것이다. 사료에 의하면, 북두칠성(Grand bear) 주걱 모양 7개의 별자리를 제주읍성[濟州邑城] 안 일도(一徒), 이도(二徒), 삼도동(三徒洞)의 7개 장소에 세웠다는 칠성대(七星臺)는 하늘의 별 북두칠성의 별자리를 땅에 새긴 우주의 조감도이며 고대 도시의 설계도였다. 그러므로 옛날 고대의 하늘굿[天祭]이며 별제(Star Festival)였던 칠성제[七星祭]는 탐라의 도읍지의 중앙, 사람이 살기 좋은 길지(吉地)에 칠성대를 세우고 그 중심이라 생각되는 지점 관덕정(觀德亭)에 칠성단을 만들어 신시(神市)를 열고, “신과 인간이 모두 하나 되어 즐기는[神人同樂]” 하늘굿[天祭]이었다. 제주의 칠성신앙은 별의 신 칠원성군(Grand bear) 북두칠성이 지상의 신격으로 바뀌면서 풍요다산(豊饒多産)의 수 7(七)과 별(七星) 그리고 “하늘의 별이 내러와 아이로 탄생”한 ‘생불(生佛)=아이’에 관한 이야기다. 이러한 ‘7의 수(數) 철학’은 칠석(七夕)날에 배우던 칠성(七星)과 삼칠성(七七七)이야기며, 아이들은 그렇게 별을 세며 수(數)를 배웠고 땅에 태어난 별, 생별이야기는 아이, 생불(生佛) 신화를 만들어내었다. 이와 같이 칠성신앙은 문화계통에 따라 북두칠원성군이라는 하늘칠성(天神-별)과 시베리아 북방문화를 설명하기도 하며, 벼농사지역 도작문화(稻作文化)와 나주 금성산을 지키는 산신칠성(山神七星) 용(龍) 이야기로 전해오기도 한다. 그리고 남방의 해양문화와 사신칠성(蛇神七星) 뱀 이야기로 전승되는 칠성신화 <칠성본풀이>는 여러 가지 <칠성굿>으로 <큰굿> 속에 남아 전승되고 있다.

Inhibitory Effect of Aged Black Platycodi Radix Extract on Expression and Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Oxidative-stressed Melanoma Cells

Yong-Byung Chae(채용병),Ho-Jung Jang(장호정),Jung Ae Park(박정애),Soo-Jin Lee(이수진),Moon-Moo Kim(김문무),Kyung Tae Chung(정경태) 한국생명과학회 2010 생명과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

도라지는 민간에서 항궤양, 항진통, 항알러지, 혈관과 히스타민 억제 및 항산화 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있고, 그 뿌리인 길경은 아시아에서 식용으로 즐겨먹는 식품 소재로 사포닌이 과량 함유되어 있는 것으로 보고 되어 있으나, 그 작용기전은 과학적으로 해명되지 않았다. 본 연구에서 처음으로 흑도라지가 특정한 공정기술을 이용하여 개발되었으며, 산화적 스트레스 및 MMPs) 대한 ABPRE의 억제 효과를 조사하였다. ABPRE의 항산화 효과를 조사하기 위해서 DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation 및 DNA 산화에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과 ABPRE는 DPPH radical 소거에는 효과를 나타내었으나 지질과산화에 의한 malondialdehyde의 생성은 억제하지 않았다. 그러나, ABPRE의 존재 하에서 산화적 DNA 손상이 억제되었다. 또한 gelatin zymography 및 western blot 분석에서 ABPRE는 PMS (phenazine methosulfate)에 의해서 자극된 MMP-2의 발현과 활성을 감소시켰으며, ABPRE는 항산화 효과 및 tyrosinase 발현 억제에 의한 L-DOPA로 유발된 melanin 생성을 저해 하였을 뿐만 아니라 Nrf2에 의해서 조절되는 항산화 효소인 SOD-1과 SOD-2의 발현을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 ABPRE는 항산화와 관련 있는 암전이의 예방을 위한 항암제의 후보 소재로 그 가능성이 기대된다. The root of Playtcodon grandiflorum, called Platycodi radix, has been a favorite edible plant in Asia and contains a large amount of saponins. Melanoma cells (B16F10) were used to investigate the inhibitory effect of aged black Platycodi radix extract (ABPRE) on oxidative stress and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Platycodon radix has been known to have a variety of medicinal effects such as prevention of gastric ulcers, antiallergenic activities, histamine release inhibition, and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear in humans. ABPRE was prepared using ethanol extraction of aged black Platycodi radix. In an antioxidant effect study of ABPRE, it was observed that ABPRE specifically exhibited the scavenging activity of DPPH radical, but did not inhibit the production of malondialdehyde from lipid peroxidation. DNA oxidation was also blocked in the presence of ABPRE. In addition, ABPRE decreased the expression and activation of MMP-2 stimulated by phenazine methosulfate. Furthermore, ABPRE revealed the inhibitory effect on melanin production induced by L-dopa via antioxidant effect and the reduction of tyrosinase expression. Especially, the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD-1 and SOD-2 regulated by Nrf2 was increased in the presence of ABPRE. Therefore, it appears that ABPRE may be a possible chemopreventive agent for the prevention of metastasis related to oxidative stress.

Effect of Curcuma longa Hot Water Extract on Activity of Neuronal Cells Related to Oxidative Stress

Yong-Byung Chae(채용병),Kyung Tae Chung(정경태),Sung-Goo Kim(김성구),Byung-Hong Yoo(유병홍),Moon-Moo Kim(김문무) 한국생명과학회 2012 생명과학회지 Vol.22 No.5

본 연구의 목적은 인지기능을 가진 약효제를 발굴하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 토끼의 간과 신경세포로부터 각각 유래한 angiotension converting enzyme과 acetylcholinesterase에 대한 강황 열수추출물(CLWE)의 억제효과뿐만 아니라 항산화 효과가 조사되었다. 이리하여 먼저 산화적 스트레스와 연관이 있는 환원력과 DPPH radical, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation에 대한 CLEW의 소거능 및 DNA 산화에 대한 보호효과를 평가하였다. CLEW는 환원력 뿐만 아니라 본 연구에서 시험된 활성산소종 중에서 특히 superoxide anion의 소거능이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 더욱이 CLEW는 0.25% 이상의 농도에서 angiotensin converting enzyme 활성을 억제효과를 발휘하는 것으로 나타났다. 신경세포에서 CLEW는 또한 산화적 스트레스와 nitric oxide 유발을 억제하였다. 그러므로 이상의 결과는 CLEW의 항산화 효과와 신경세포 보호효과를 입증하여, 이것이 사람의 신경건강을 위한 천연생물소재로 잠재적인 가능성을 가지고 있을 것으로 시사한다. The aim of this study is to screen a therapeutic agent with a cognitive function. The inhibitory effect of Curcuma longa hot water extract (CLWE) on the angiotension-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase derived from rabbit lungs and neural cells (PC12), as well as its antioxidant effect, was investigated in this study. Thus, for the first time, the direct scavenging effect of CLWE on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and the protective effect of DNA oxidation related to oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro. In addition, it was observed that CLWE especially exhibited a scavenging effect on reducing power and superoxide anions in this study. CLWE showed a protective effect on DNA oxidation produced by hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, CLWE inhibited the activity of angiotensin-converting enzymes above 0.25%. Additionally, the extract inhibited oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide in neuronal cells. Therefore, these results demonstrated that CLWE has antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effects, suggesting that it may have great potential as a natural source for human health.