The dynamic transcriptome of waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) during seed development

Wei Gu,Diansi Yu,Yuan Guan,Hui Wang,Tao Qin,Pingdong Sun,Yingxiong Hu,Jihui Wei,Hongjian Zheng 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.9

Background Waxy maize (Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) is a mutant of maize (Zea mays L.) with a mutation at Waxy1 (Wx1) gene locus. The seed of waxy maize has higher viscosity compared to regular maize. By now, we know little about the expression patterns of genes that involved in the seed development of waxy maize. Objective By analyzing the transcriptome data during waxy maize seed development, we attempt to dig out the genes that may infuence the seed development of waxy maize. Methods The seeds of waxy maize inbred line SWL01 from six phases after pollination were used to do RNA-seq. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the expression patterns of the expressed genes, to identify the genes involved in waxy maize seed development. Results A total of 24,546 genes including 1611 transcription factors (TFs) were detected during waxy maize seed development. Coexpression analysis of expressed genes revealed the dynamic processes of waxy maize seed development. Particularly, 2457 genes including 177 TFs were specially expressed in waxy maize seed, some of which mainly involved in the process of seed dormancy and maturation. In addition, 2681, 5686, 4491, 4386, 3669 and 4624 genes were identifed to be diferential expressed genes (DEGs) at six phases compared to regular maize B73, and 113 DEGs among them may be key genes that lead the diference of seed development between waxy and regular maizes in milk stage. Conclusion In summary, we elucidated the expression patterns of expressed genes during waxy maize seed development globally. A series of genes that associated with seed development were identifed in our research, which may provide an important resource for functional study of waxy maize seed development to help molecular assisted breeding.

Conserved co-functional network between maize and Arabidopsis aid in the identification of seed defective genes in maize

Xiangbo Zhang,Yang Cui,Juxuan Wang,Yonghong Huang,Yongwen Qi 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.5

Background The biological pathways related to Arabidopsis seed development have been well studied and functional genes involved in it have been discovered. However, functional studies about maize seed development were more limited compared to Arabidopsis. Objective Therefore, transferring knowledge from Arabidopsis into maize would facilitate functional studies about maize seed development. Method In this study, public transcriptome data of the two species related to seed development were obtained. Co-expression network in each species was compared by integrating orthology information. Results This conserved co-functional network contained 4510 maize and 4808 Arabidopsis genes, respectively. Most of these genes were expressed in throughout embryo, early or later endosperm/seed. These conserved co-functional genes were signifcantly enriched for members of PPR protein family, which was consistent with that PPR proteins play an important role in maize seed development. Spatial-temporally co-functional genes were discovered in the seed coat and embryo. Furthermore, 66 well-studied genes involved in Arabidopsis seed development were co-functional with 319 maize genes and one maize gene (GRMZM2G036050) was further confrmed using an EMS-induced seed defective mutant by bulked segregating RNA sequencing (BSR) analysis. Conclusions Altogether, these results showed the potential of this approach to support functional studies in maize seed development by transferring knowledge from Arabidopsis.

Changes in Level of Several Functional Components and ACE-Inhibitory Activity in Developing Soybean Seeds

Jun Woo-Jin,Lee Ji-Hyun,Shim Sang-In The Korean Society of Crop Science 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.4

Soybean quality is determined based on protein content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and several functional components including isoflavones, anthocyanins and functional activity. Because the level of each component changes during seed development, it is necessary to know the concentration of quality-related components in developing seeds. Little is known of the pattern of changes in quality-related components. Seeds from field-grown soybean was harvest from the $R_6$ stage to the $R_8$ stage in 2004. Seed characteristics and the level of nutritional components were examined. Seed moisture content was dropped rapidly after the $R_7$ stage in the tested varieties. Seed growth rate was the highest from the beginning of the $R_6$ stage to the mid-$R_6$ stage. Chlorophyll content was decreased rapidly in pods and seeds. However, seed growth period from the $R_6\;to\;R_8$ was 35 days. The crude protein content was. increased dramatically between 63 DAF and 70 DAF and then increased slightly. The pattern of isoflavone accumulation was nearly similar to that of seed weight increase. From the late $R_6$ stage to the $R_7$, the accumulation rate was higher as compared to other stages. The angiotensin inhibitory activity was increased according to seed development from 63 ($R_6$) to 84 DAF ($R_8$). The difference of inhibitory activity in heated soybean powder, however, was not great among stages. The inhibitory activity was affected by heating treatment. The most effective heating time was 10 min. Excessive heating longer than 30 min resulted in a lowered inhibitory activity of soybean on ACE.

Changes in Level of Several Functional Components and ACE-Inhibitory Activity in Developing Soybean Seeds

Woo-Jin Jun,Ji-Hyun Lee,Sang-In Shim 韓國作物學會 2006 Korean journal of crop science Vol.51 No.4

Soybean quality is determined based on protein content, lipid content and fatty acid composition, and several functional components including isoflavones, anthocyanins and functional activity. Because the level of each component changes during seed development, it is necessary to know the concentration of quality-related components in developing seeds. Little is known of the pattern of changes in quality-related components. Seeds from field-grown soybean was harvest from the R6 stage to the R8 stage in 2004. Seed characteristics and the level of nutritional components were examined. Seed moisture content was dropped rapidly after the R7 stage in the tested varieties. Seed growth rate was the highest from the beginning of the R6 stage to the mid-R6 stage. Chlorophyll content was decreased rapidly in pods and seeds. However, seed growth period from the R6~;to~;R8 was 35 days. The crude protein content was. increased dramatically between 63 DAF and 70 DAF and then increased slightly. The pattern of isoflavone accumulation was nearly similar to that of seed weight increase. From the late R6 stage to the R7 , the accumulation rate was higher as compared to other stages. The angiotensin inhibitory activity was increased according to seed development from 63 (R6 ) to 84 DAF (R8 ). The difference of inhibitory activity in heated soybean powder, however, was not great among stages. The inhibitory activity was affected by heating treatment. The most effective heating time was 10 min. Excessive heating longer than 30 min resulted in a lowered inhibitory activity of soybean on ACE

한국 김 종자 생산현황과 발전방안에 관한 연구

백은영 ( Baek Eun-young ) 한국도서학회 2017 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.29 No.2

종자산업은 국가의 신성장 동력산업으로 부각되고 있으며, 수산분야에서도 종자산업이 중요한 의미로써 재인식되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 수산양식업 중 주목을 크게 받고 있는 김 종자산업의 현황에 대해 정리해 보았다. 현재 국내 김 양식은 시설량 증가에도 불구하고 생산량은 늘지 않고 있다. 이에 반해 김 수요는 지속적인 수출 증가로 나날이 늘어나고 있다. 따라서 김 생산의 근간이 되는 김 종자에 대한 관심과 중요성은 부각되고 있으나, 김 종자 생산에 관한 연구는 전무한 상황이다. 본 연구는 2015년부터 실시하고 있는 수산종자 관측사업을 통해 얻은 결과를 바탕으로 현재 국내의 김 종자생산 현황과 문제점에 대해 정리한 후 발전 방안을 도출하고자 했다. 먼저 김 산업현황에 대해 간단히 언급하면 국내 김 시설량은 매년 증가하여 2016년 84만 8,000책으로 역대 최고치를 기록했다. 반면 김 생산량은 이러한 시설량 증대에도 불구하고 2011년산 이후 1억 2,000~3000만 속 내외에서 증감을 반복하고 있다. 한편 김 수출량은 매년 증가세를 보여 2016년에는 4,770만 속으로 2001년 대비 7배 이상 늘었으며, 수출금액 또한 2010년 1억 달러를 달성한 이후 연 평균 22%의 성장세를 보여 불과 6년만에 3억 5,292만 달러를 기록했다. 이처럼 김 산업의 성장세와 더불어 김 종자에 대한 관심도 높아지고 있다. 현재 국내 김 종자 생산은 전남지역이 80% 이상 차지하며, 김 종자 종사자의 과반수는 중·장년층이었다. 김 종자 생산량 중 약 90% 이상이 판매되며, 판매가격은 상자당 평균 2,500~3,100원에 형성되고 있다. 국내 김 종자생산업은 다수의 문제점을 갖고 있다. 첫째, 종자 생산어가의 영세성과 신품종 개발 및 육종품종 산업화를 위한 노력 미흡이다. 둘째, 종자거래 시 외상 거래의 고착화로 시장질서 교란 및 경영 악순환이 반복되고 있다. 셋째, 다수의 무허가이다. 마지막은 종자 생산의 전문가 양성 시스템이 전무하다는 점이다. 향후 김 종자산업을 발전시키기 위해서는 육상채묘 확산과 정착, 신품종 개발, 유통 질서의 확립, 종자관련 기초 통계의 인프라 구축 및 전문가 양성 등이 필요하다. 이러한 점이 개선될 경우 수산종자 산업이 국가의 신성장 동력산업으로 육성·발전할 수 있는 계기가 될 것이다. The seed industry has emerged as a new growing business in Korea. The seed industry in the fisheries sector has been paid particular attention as one of the important driving forces of the industry. This study summarizes the status of laver seed industry, which is one of the most popular species of aquaculture in Korea. Domestic laver production is still stagnated despite the facility volume growth while demand for laver is continuously increasing due to increase of export. Since the current situation mentioned above, the interest and importance of the laver seed which is the basis of laver production has been highlighted but there has been no research on the seed of laver until now. This study examines the present condition of domestic laver seed industry, and demonstrates the problems it faces based on the results from `The outlook project for the seeds of marine species` conducted by KMI(Korea Maritime Institute) since 2015. The current study shows the following results. The laver seed production in Chon-nam province accounts for over 80% of the total production and more than half of the producers are middle-aged. About 90% of the total output of laver seeds is sold to laver producers, and the average selling price ranges from 2,500 won to 3,100 won per box. Meanwhile, the industry has many problems. First, most producers run very small businesses and they also have a lack of effort for developing a new variety of laver. This study suggests more supports are needed in areas such as the spreading seedling collection on land, seed management system, statistical infrastructure and expert training programs, in order for the laver seed industry to develop.

Changes of Chemical Components During Seed Development in Black Soybean (Glycine max L.)

Shim Sang In,Kang Byeung Hoa The Korean Society of Crop Science 2004 한국작물학회지 Vol.49 No.4

Changes in the level of metabolites in leaves and pods were examined with respect to the seed chemical composition in black soybean. There was no further increase in pod length after 42 days after flowering (DAF). Pod weight, however, persistently increase until 73 DAF, thereafter the weight was slightly lowered. The seed storage protein, however, increased drastically as the increasing rate of pod weight was lessened at 61 DAF. The accumulation of seed storage proteins was occurred conspicuously as the increasing rate of pod weight was slowed down. The chlorophyll content both in leaves and pods was drastically decreased after 50 DAF. The beginning of drastic reduction in chlorophyll content was occurred concomitantly with the reduction of soluble protein content in leaves. The sugar content in leaves showed similar tendency with chlorophyll and soluble protein content. The starch level in leaves, however, showed different changing pattern during seed development. The starch content in leaves was increased persistently until 66 DAF, thereafter the content was decreased drastically to about $55\%$ of maximal value at 66 DAF. Total phenolics content in leaves and the anthocyanins content in seeds were stable without noticeable increase until 66 DAF. The contents were increased dramatically after 66 DAF showing the synchronized pattern with the decrease in starch level in leaves. The levels of the selected metabolites in leaf and seed suggested that the accumulation of chemical components of black soybean seed is launched actively at 66 DAF. The profile of storage proteins was nearly completed at 61 DAF because there was no large difference in densitometric intensity among protein subunits after 61 DAF. In soybean, chemical maturation of seed begins around 61 to 66 DAF at which most metabolites in vegetative parts are decreased and remobilized into maturing seeds.

Expression profiles of genes involved in fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis in developing seeds of Paeonia ostii

Li Chaoqiong,Hu Lizong,Que Beibei,Hu Yueran,Guo Yuanyuan,Zhang Minghui,Wang Zenan,Wang Xueqin,Liu Hongzhan,Wang Junsheng,Tian Huihui,Li Xiaoli 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.8

Background Paeonia ostii seeds were identifed as novel sources of edible plant oil with a high proportion of α-linolenic acid, a type of n-3 fatty acid with many health benefts. Due to the unreliability of seed oil content and quality, it is necessary to discover the mechanism underlying lipid biosynthesis in Paeonia ostii seeds. Objectives This study aimed to identify the key genes involved in lipid biosynthesis in Paeonia ostii seeds by analyzing the relationship among the seed characteristics and the expression patterns of lipid genes in Paeonia ostii during seed development. Methods Preliminary research on Paeonia ostii seed development was carried out from 10 days after pollination until maturity, focusing on phenology, oil content and lipid profles. In addition, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression of 36 lipid biosynthetic genes in Paeonia ostii by using quantitative real-time PCR. Results The results suggested that the development of Paeonia ostii seeds from pollination to maturity could be divided into three periods. The 36 lipid genes showed various spatiotemporal expression patterns and fve gene groups with distinct temporal patterns during seed development were identifed by clustering analysis of expression data. Furthermore, the relationships between gene expression and lipid/fatty acid accumulation and some candidate key lipid genes were discussed. Conclusions This study provided the global patterns of fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis-related gene expression, which are critical to understanding the molecular basis of lipid biosynthesis and identifying the lipid accumulation rate-limiting genes during seed development.

Germination of Hemerocallis Seeds as Influenced by Seed Development and Temperature Treatments

김지희,서정근,이애경 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

Germination of Hemerocallis seeds as influenced by cold stratification at 5°C (CS) andmaturity of seeds evaluated using X-ray imaging has not been well investigated. Seeds of H. lilioasphodelus , H. citrina , H. citrina 'April Flower', and H. minor collected from China and H. thunbergii collected from Korea were germinated at 20°C without pre-temperature treatment,while H. hongdoensis , H. dumortieri , H. minor , and H. vespertina seeds were treated with CS. Harvesting ‘Stella de Oro’ capsules at 35–40 days after anthesis yielded mature seeds with welldevelopedembryo and cotyledons analyzed by X-ray images with a 92% germination in 17days after sowing. Seeds of H. thunbergii and H. citrina germinated in less than 13 days withoutCS; two weeks of CS did not accelerate seed germination. Seeds of H. hongdoensis germinatedin 24 days when seeds were stored at 25°C without CS and in less than 27 days when coldstratified. Therefore, ‘Stella de Oro’ capsules should be harvested at 35–40 days after anthesisto harvest mature seeds. Cold stratification is not required to accelerate seed germination in theHemerocallis taxa evaluated in this study.

Germination of Hemerocallis Seeds as Influenced by Seed Development and Temperature Treatments

Ji Hee Kim,Jeung Keun Suh,Ae Kyung Lee 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

Germination of Hemerocallis seeds as influenced by cold stratification at 5℃ (CS) and maturity of seeds evaluated using X-ray imaging has not been well investigated. Seeds of H. lilioasphodelus, H. citrina, H. citrina ‘April Flower’, and H. minor collected from China and H. thunbergii collected from Korea were germinated at 20℃ without pre-temperature treatment, while H. hongdoensis, H. dumortieri, H. minor, and H. vespertina seeds were treated with CS. Harvesting ‘Stella de Oro’ capsules at 35–40 days after anthesis yielded mature seeds with well-developed embryo and cotyledons analyzed by X-ray images with a 92% germination in 17 days after sowing. Seeds of H. thunbergii and H. citrina germinated in less than 13 days without CS; two weeks of CS did not accelerate seed germination. Seeds of H. hongdoensis germinated in 24 days when seeds were stored at 25℃ without CS and in less than 27 days when cold stratified. Therefore, ‘Stella de Oro’ capsules should be harvested at 35–40 days after anthesis to harvest mature seeds. Cold stratification is not required to accelerate seed germination in the Hemerocallis taxa evaluated in this study.

Germination of Hemerocallis Seeds as Influenced by Seed Development and Temperature Treatments

Kim, Ji Hee,Suh, Jeung Keun,Lee, Ae Kyung Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

Germination of Hemerocallis seeds as influenced by cold stratification at $5^{\circ}C$ (CS) and maturity of seeds evaluated using X-ray imaging has not been well investigated. Seeds of H. lilioasphodelus, H. citrina, H. citrina 'April Flower', and H. minor collected from China and H. thunbergii collected from Korea were germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ without pre-temperature treatment, while H. hongdoensis, H. dumortieri, H. minor, and H. vespertina seeds were treated with CS. Harvesting 'Stella de Oro' capsules at 35-40 days after anthesis yielded mature seeds with well-developed embryo and cotyledons analyzed by X-ray images with a 92% germination in 17 days after sowing. Seeds of H. thunbergii and H. citrina germinated in less than 13 days without CS; two weeks of CS did not accelerate seed germination. Seeds of H. hongdoensis germinated in 24 days when seeds were stored at $25^{\circ}C$ without CS and in less than 27 days when cold stratified. Therefore, 'Stella de Oro' capsules should be harvested at 35-40 days after anthesis to harvest mature seeds. Cold stratification is not required to accelerate seed germination in the Hemerocallis taxa evaluated in this study.