試用期間의 勤勞契約 法理

윤광희 한국노동법학회 2003 노동법학 Vol.0 No.16

It is probational periods system that employers make laborers be on the job approximately 2-3months gazing on their aptitudes and abilities to work. It has relation to the life-time employment system. And the employers can exercise their rights to rescind consideration certain evaluations before making formal employments. Because the contract of probational periods system reserves rights to rescind, the probational periods are allowed to exercise within 3months. The laborers in probational periods can be under the protection of the Labor Standards Law before expiration. And they can get qualification of formal employees. However the claim rescission relays on employers' judgements, they can reject to enter into formal employments in their own. In this case, Laborers in probational periods are divested qualifications being under the protection of law. The exercising rescission is allowed more extensively, the positions of the laborers are lack of stability. Therefore the rescission should be admitted strictly consideration resonable, rational bases such as attitude, ability and eligibility in working. Also the evaluating eligibility should be impartial and objective. Whether the rescission of formal employment is not based on rational reason or the probational periods are excessively protracted, it will be invalid because of the abuse of rights. The extend or the renewal of the probational periods is prohibited for protection of the employees. And the contract of the probational periods which are indefinite should be annulled. If the rescind formal employment is sentenced for invalid or so, it should be taken for making formal employment at the expiration date of the probational periods.

보호관찰관의 지지와 준수사항 위반과의 관계 - 전자감독 대상자를 중심으로 -

박다윤,조윤오 사단법인 한국안전문화학회 2023 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.21

This study aims at investigating the relationships between supportive attitude of probation officers toward criminals and the revocation of probation. In particular, the current study focuses on identifying crucial factors that are associated with the violations of probation conditions under electronic monitoring. It is significant to find out the key factors that might reduce the numbers of violation of EM conditions in order to prevent recidivism in South Korea. In 2022, Korean Ministry of Justice announced the additional implementation of electronic anklets device program on offenders who committed stalking with a partial revision of the Electronic Monitoring Device Attachment Act. There have been wide controversial criticism toward the expansion of the Electronic Monitoring Device Attachment Act from September 2008, which the law was uninitiated. In this regard, this study attempts to examine what factors can increase the effectiveness of the EM with the consideration of supportive attitude of officers in terms of reduction of violations of probation conditions under electronic monitoring. In addition, the present study highlights the association between the role of probation officers and the level of probation revocation. "Survey of the Operational Realities of Electronic Monitoring on Sex-offenders in 2013" was used as analyses data sets. Besides, this study relied on Sherman's Defiance theory(1993) to examine the relationships between the attitude of probation officers and violation of probationers under EM. After reviewing previous studies, related factors were analyzed by assigning key dependent variables such as violation of probation conditions and violation of electronic monitoring requirement. In addition, this study utilized independent variable as supportive attitude of probation officers. Furthermore, as control variables, age, educational background, criminal experience, and period of attachment to electronic devices were used in the model. Logistic regression analysis result demonstrated that EM attachment period and previous criminal history of offenders had a significant impact on increasing the violation of probation conditions. Regression analysis showed that probationer-officer relationship was not statistically significant factors that might decrease the number of violation of condition when other variables were controlled. These results showed that the compassionate attitude of the probation officer was not a significant factor for obtaining better compliance of offenders under EM. Further policy implications will be discussed.

전자감독제도의 실무상 문제점과 개선 방안

문희갑 한국보호관찰학회 2020 보호관찰 Vol.20 No.1

2008년 9월 성폭력사범에 처음 적용한 전자감독제도는 기존 형사정책이 갖는 재범 억제력의 개선에 목표를 둔 결과물이라 할 수 있다. 이에 따라 성폭력사범의 재범률 은 제도 시행 전 대비 1/7, 특히 강도사범의 경우 1/75로 억제하는 극명한 성과를 보 이고 있다. 그럼에도 지난 12년간의 제도 운용 과정에서 주요한 몇 가지 실무상 문 제점도 노출되었다. 첫째, 전자장치부착명령 기간이다. 2007년 「전자장치부착법」제정 당시 최장 5년이 던 부착기간은 2010년 30년으로 연장되었다. 기간 연장 과정에 부착명령 기간과 재 범 억제력 간의 상관 관계 등 과학적 논의(Evidence-Based)가 부족한 점은 아쉬운 부분이다. 임시해제가 대안이 될 수 있으나 인용률은 매우 낮다. 재범위험성의 변화 정도를 객관적으로 측정하는 평가도구 개발이 중요한 이유이다. 둘째 전자장치효용 유지의무 위반자에 대한 형사처벌의 수위이다. 법정형 대비 7% 수준에 머무는 징역 형의 선고 기간은 사법부의 인식변화를 위한 지속적인 노력이 필요함을 나타낸다. 셋째 보호관찰관의 특별사법경찰관리 지정 문제이다. 의무사항 또는 준수사항을 위 반한 대상자에 대한 형사처벌을 일반사경에 의뢰하는 현행의 방식이 효율적인지 의 문이다. 수사의 신속성과 전문성을 통해 적절한 처벌을 유도하는 차원에서 특별사법 경찰관리 지정이 필요하다. 넷째 전자감독의 본래적 기능은 적절한 인력의 배치를 통해 실현 가능함에도 보호관찰관의 인력규모는 매우 열약하여 적정 규모의 인력증 원이 절실하다. The Electronic Supervision system, which was first applied to sexual violence crime in September 2008, is a result of efforts to improve the deference against recidivism of existing criminal policy. As a result, the recidivism rate of sex crimes has reduced by one-seventh compared to before the implementation of ES system, and in particular, robbery cases have been suppressed by one-seventy fifth. Nevertheless, several practical problems have been found in the course of the ES system’s operation over the past 12 years. The first problem is the period of electronic device attachment. The attachment period was extended to 30 years in 2010 from the maximum of 5 years when the 「Act on Electronic Supervision」was enacted in 2007. It is a pity that there was a lack of evidence-based discussion in the process of extending the period of attachment, including the correlation between the period of attachment and the deterrence against recidivism. The provisional cancellation of a attachment order may be alternative, but the Probation Review Committee-accepted ratio is very low. This is why it is important to develop an evaluation tool that objectively measures degree of change in recidivism risk. The second problem is the level of criminal punishment for violators of the obligation to maintain the utility of electronic devices. The term of imprisonment, which remains at 7% compared to the statutory penalty, indicates that continuous efforts are needed to change the perception of judiciary. The third problem is designation of probation officers as special judicial police officers. It is questionable whether the current method of requesting the police to take criminal action against electronic monitoring subjects who violate the obligation is effective. It is necessary to designate probation officer as special judicial police officers in order to induce proper punishment for violator through the speed and expertise of investigation. Although the original function of ES system can be realized through the proper placement of human resources, the size of the probation officer’s workforce is very poor and the proper size increase of manpower is urgently needed.

지방정부의 부패 카르텔 : 기초자치단체장을 중심으로

정정목(Chung ChungMok) 한국부패학회 2014 한국부패학회보 Vol.19 No.2

이 논문은 기초자치단체의 부패 카르텔이 단체장 공천권을 행사하는 지역의 국회의원과 단체장에 출마하려는 고위지방공무원 그리고 지방 기득권 세력 사이에 형성된다는 점을 밝히고 그 폐해를 논의했다. 각기 지배정당이 있는 영남과 호남에서는 지배정당의 공천이 곧 당선이다. 따라서 이 지역의 국회의원들은 공천권을 통해 단체장 선거에서 절대 권력을 행사하며 절대 권력이 절대로 부패하듯 공천권을 둘러 싼 부도가 만연해 있다. 고위지방공무원이 단체장에 출마하는 것은 외견상 바람직할 수도 있다. 직무 경험과 경력이 단체장으로서의 업무 수행에 도움이 될 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 이를 부정과 부패에 악용할 가능성도 배제할 수 없다. 더욱이 고위직 지방공무원 경력이 단체장 후보의 중요한 요건이 될 경우, 진입장벽이 초래된다. 진입장벽은, 다시, 지방정치의 경쟁률을 떨어뜨린다. 정당간의 정책 경쟁은 물론 상호 견제 효과까지 떨어질 수 있다. 단체 장을 주민이 직선하는 민주적 의미는 직업공무원을 견제하며 균형을 유지하는 가운데 공약 이행은 물론 효율 적으로 지방정부를 운영하라는 것이기 때문이다. 결국 삼권분립의 원칙과 견제와 균형의 원칙이 훼손되는 것이다. 이 점에서 견제 대상인 고위직 지방공무원 출신이 퇴직 후 곧바로 견제자인 단체장에 출마하는 것은 이해의 충돌이다. 부패 카르텔은 연루자들이 모두 범법자들이기 때문에 결속이 공고하여 외부에서 밝히기 어렵고, 내부로부터 의 고발도 기대하기 어렵다. 이를 방지하기 위해서는, 그 핵심이 지방공무원 출신 단체장이라는 점에서, 그리고 고위직 지방공무원이 퇴직 직후 단체장에 출마하는 것은 이해의 충돌이라는 점에서 고위지방공직자는 퇴직 후 최소 5년 후에 단체장에 출마할 수 있도록 유예기간을 두어야 한다. This paper discusses a peculiar phenomenon in Korean local politics which is corruption cartel in terms of it's formation and it's negative effects. The members of the cartel are: incumbent lawmaker who wields the political power to nominate candidate to run local elections; former local government officer who want to run an election for municipal head with a thorough knowledge on municipal government affairs; local established with resources. In Youngnam and Honam regions which have dominant political parties respectively, win the nomination from the dominant party guarantees win the election itself. In most cases, incumbent lawmakers can nominate his/her party's candidate for municipal head. He/she wields an absolute power in election for municipal head. Absolute power corrupts absolutely. At first glance, there seems no problem for the former high local government officials to run for municipal head. Since job experiences and career could either be help to perform municipal head job or, at the same time, could be abused. The job experience as local official for candidate for head of municipal government actually works as a strong barrier for young and newcomers in local politics. It also decreases the rate of local political competition. More importantly, it decreases policy competition among political parties as well as mutual restraining influences. The democratic meanings of a direct election of municipal head by municipal voters are check the local government officials, honor election pledges, and efficient management of local government. If a former high ranking municipal government officer get elected as the head of the municipal government he/she served before, the head would not be free to check his/her former colleges and maintain balance with them. The principle of separation of powers is violated. The cartelized corruption is pervasive as well as insidious. In the cartel, municipal head is the key person. One way to break the cartel is to put some limits on the qualifications for candidacy for municipal head. Put a 5 years of probation period after resign to a director level municipal government officer who want to run for municipal head election. The reasoning behind it is, it could be a conflict of interest for the bureaucrat to run for the municipal head since the municipal head is a politician whose important mission is to checks the officials in the municipal government and maintain balance with them.